Stress and Threats of Terrorism an Example by

Stress and Threats of Terrorism by Expert Marvelous | 28 Dec 2016 As we as a whole know, psychological oppression is in no way, shape or form new marvel, as it originally showed up with the beginning of the written history of the mankind. In any case, with the improvement of the new advances, for example, logical, social and efficient, psychological warfare got a chance to raise and grow the circle of its office. Psychological oppression is something in excess of a typical wrongdoing, whichs tended to against a specific individual, or a gathering of individuals. Need article test on Stress and Threats of Terrorism point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue Sri Lankan previous Foreign Minister, Lakshman Kadirgamar noticed that: the fear based oppressor act is viewed as an assault on society overall, on equitable establishments. A fear based oppressor assault is a demonstration of war against society. That is the reason the ongoing lift in the improvement of fear mongering inconveniences both the legislators and the standard residents. These days most psychological oppressor associations have their underlying foundations in the nations, where the strict convictions are exceptionally solid, with the goal that the basic residents, when called up to guard and advance their strict perspectives, answer this call promptly. One of the distinctive highlights of the contemporary psychological warfare is that its inexorably strict in nature. The pioneers of the fear monger associations, who pursue their own objectives, for example, to fulfill their draw for influence, or individual improvement, needed to build up an inspiration to enroll the basic individuals to their associations, the individuals who might achieve all the grimy work. Different explores consider the conviction frameworks of the psychological oppressors to be the purpose behind their office. Martha Crenshaw noticed that the psychological militants activities depend on the emotional understanding of the encompassing scene, whichs directed by their strict convictions. Rex A. Hudson, the creator of the report committed to the humanism and brain research of fear based oppression, takes note of that the conviction frameworks of the psychological militants are shaped from the social customs of their general public, their political and social condition and the inward elements of their stealthy gatherings. He likewise expresses that paying little mind to the reality, that their activities frequently appear to be whimsical and silly to the individuals from different social orders, the psychological militants may in any case demonstration reasonably in their responsibility to following up on their feelings. There are numerous theories on why Muslims become fear based oppressors. The writer of the article in Psychology Today that manages the wonder of self destruction psychological oppression proposes that youngsters become fear mongers in view of the depression and dread. The creator likewise takes note of that one fourth of Palestinians, the inhabitants of the nation from which bunches of psychological oppressors develop, are clinically discouraged. They don't have any point in life with the exception of battling, as there are no open doors for them in their nation demolished by the consistent wars. Before the ongoing improvement of psychological militant development happened, those hoodlums had never had an entrance to the WMDs, as those were little gatherings, supported by some rich devotees or associations. These days, the size of terroristic development has expanded significantly, as they frequently get cash and backing straightforwardly from the legislatures of certain nations, either Muslim or not. Loads of lawmakers are certain that the fear based oppressors have an entrance to the weapon of mass devastation, however they either are hesitant to utilize it or trust that an appropriate second will do it. The mishap which occurred in Jordan, April 2004, when the Al Qaeda endeavored to devastate the Jordan government and execute 80 thousand individuals with the substance weapon, demonstrates that the psychological militants have the WMDs and are prepared to utilize it. Fortunately, their endeavor fizzled, yet who knows, regardless of whether the counterterrorist will be effective next time. The writers of the book Countering the New Terrorism express that the inspirations for the fear mongers wont change during the data age, yet the techniques utilized by them to devastate their adversaries will. Psychological oppressors will utilize the new chances, gave to them by the recently evolved instructive advancements. These days, along with the physical decimation of the adversary they start to destruct the educational frameworks of the restricting nations. Not to sound bare, lets review The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams (LTTE) endeavors to disturb the E-mail correspondence frameworks of the Sri Lanka Government offices, which occurred in 1998. Aside from the despondency and pity the occasions of 11 September brought to a huge number of American individuals, it has likewise allowed the U.S residents the understanding that they are undependable living in disengagement from the issues different nations experience. American government had consistently had zero resilience approach towards psychological oppression, yet after the 9/11 a considerable lot of the legislators and the conventional residents comprehended that the U.S government needed to act significantly more seriously to forestall other terroristic acts both on its region and around the world. Martin A. Kalis in his article A New Approach to International Terrorism depicts the four primary standards of U.S strategy towards psychological oppression. Those are: a). hit no arrangements with the fear based oppressors; b). carry them to equity for their violations; c). seclude and apply pressure on states that support fear based oppression, to make them change their arrangements; d). support the counterterrorism abilities of those nations that work with the United States and need help. Fear based oppression is a horrible danger to the life of individuals around the world. Living in consistent dread that one, or his kids, companions or family members can turn into the survivors of the strict fan is distressing and stressing. This is the reason measures ought to be taken to take out fear based oppression as opposed to attempting to speak with the pioneers of the psychological oppressor development. The experience demonstrates that strict aficionados are practically difficult to speak with, as they are unequipped for settling. In a similar time measures ought to be taken for to forestall the development of new psychological militant gatherings. As the exploration appeared, usually youngsters become psychological militants as they don't have any viewpoints in their nations destructed by war. To forestall further fortifying of fear based oppression the states of life ought to be changed in the Arabic and Asian nations to take out the explanations behind which psychological militants show up. Tragically, at some point or another all the individuals pass on, and the fear based oppressors are not a special case from this standard. Their gatherings proceed with their organization in light of the fact that consistently new youngsters go along with them. In the event that the U.S counterterrorist associations would figure out how to ceil the progression of the youths to the fear based oppressor associations, than the psychological warfare would be vanquished. It very well may be practiced by the purposeful publicity of the Western way of life among the Muslim kids and adolescents, arranging scholastic and social trades to make them see that Westerners are the typical individuals, with their standards and qualities, in a similar time separate to the good and strict estimations of others. Psychological warfare is an exceptionally distressing marvel, as it makes individuals live in consistent dread for their companions and friends and family. It ought to be dispensed with for to carry harmony into the contemporary world. The war with psychological warfare isn't simple or speedy one. It requests bunches of time and solidarity to achieve, however the outcomes, which are the security of our youngsters and friends and family, and a large number of individuals around the world, are justified, despite all the trouble. References Regal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London. (1998) Global Terrorism, Lecture. by Lakshman Kadirgamar. Recovered February 14, 2005 Crenshaw, Martha. (1992). Ebb and flow Research on Terrorism: The Academic Perspective. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 1-11. Lesser, Ian, Hoffman, B, Ronfelt, D, Zanini, M, Arquilla, J. (1999). Countering the New Terrorism. RAND Corporation. Kalis, Martin. (2001). A New Approach to International Terrorism. Worldwide Affairs Review. Vol .10, Num 2. Hudson, Rex. (1999). The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?. Government Research pision, Library of Congress. Recovered February 14, 2005 http://www.fas.org/irp/danger/frd.html Perina, K. (2002). Self destruction fear mongering: looking for intentions past dysfunctional behavior. Brain research Today, 35 (5), p.15

Rates of reaction experiments Essay Example for Free

Paces of response tests Essay I was intending to watch every response for 10 minutes and had the option to do so on the grounds that the responses began getting delayed sooner or later I had a couple of issues during my trial. The size of the chips was not the very same, each gathering was comprised of chips of roughly equivalent sizes and this isn't actually exact. In mixing the trial we must be cautious about blending it equally and not disturbing the response. The trial could have been improved in different manners. Utilizing dabs of limestone can tackle the issue of inconsistent size of particles. Utilizing an attractive stirrer can be utilized take care of the issue of lopsided blending of reactants. The utilization of a progressively exact scale helps in taking care of the issue of perusing off estimations from the estimating chamber. Drawing the bends of best fit was a precise advance I took. My diagrams helped in demonstrating my point, An unmistakable pattern is appeared in the chart as plainly show that little particles respond quicker than huge particles. I was keen on this trial when I previously began. I was keen on observing changes in the reactants toward the finish of the response. I was fulfilled when I discovered that my forecasts were right. The impact of fixation on Rate of Reaction Aim In this analysis my point is to see if pace of response increments when focus in a response is expanded. Word condition Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Chloride + Sulfur Oxide + Water + Sulfur Chemical equation Na2S203(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) + S(s) This response for the most part delivers a white hasten, which is the Sulfur and a foul smell, which is the sodium chloride. Two primary components are required in this response for it to succeed. The primary, being that the reactant particles must meet and impact. On the off chance that no crashes occur, at that point the response can't occur. Furthermore the response must have enough vitality to frame an item. The enactment vitality is the most least measure of vitality that is required for an item to be framed. When the arrangement has become absolutely misty the response is finished. This implies all the reactant has been spent and the response is finished. We can see this if a bit of card with a cross on it is set under the cone shaped cup. When the cross is totally darkened from vision, if glancing through the funnel shaped cup to the base, the response has occurred. The time it takes for this to happen is estimated as the pace of response. Motivation behind this analysis The reason for this trial is to record to what extent it takes for the cross under the tapered jar to vanish under various fixations. We have picked sodium thiosulphate to use in various focuses from a scope of 10 ml to 40 ml. I accept 4 focuses will be an adequate sum albeit more can be taken to promote the examination Apparatus required for this trial are: Conical Flask stopwatch White tile set apart With X . Concoction required for the test are: 1) Sodium thiosulphate 2) Water (refined) 3) Hydrochloric Acid Fair test I should maintain in control to get right outcomes and to do this I have to remember a rundown of factors, which are: The temperature of mechanical assembly ought not change Try to control the surface zone of the response Try and judge precisely when the X mark is vanishing Fixed measure of Sodium thiosulphate and water ought to be included Prediction I anticipate that when the convergence of the corrosive is raised, the pace of the response will increment. This is on the grounds that, when the convergence of corrosive is higher, increasingly corrosive particles are available in a given volume of the arrangement, consequently, progressively corrosive particles are accessible to slam into HCl particles. This subsequently builds the odds of fruitful crashes (those subsequent in a response) happening. As the crash hypothesis expresses, the more impacts that happen in a timeframe, the quicker the pace of the response. This is on the grounds that the response possibly happens when Hydrochloric corrosive and Sodium thiosulphate particles impact each other Safety. As wellbeing is the main need in this examination, numerous security safeguards were taken to make it as sheltered as possibleâ Goggles were worn to ensure that eyes were protected.â Hair and free gems were tied up.â A safe far off was kept if there should be an occurrence of any spillages.â Any spillages on garments and skin were flushed altogether right away. Any spillages on work surfaces and on the floor were wiped up with a soggy paper towel. As Sulfur Dioxide can have all the earmarks of being a risky gas, windows and entryways were opened to keep most extreme ventilation in the room. Strategy 40 ml of Sodium thiosulphate ought to be poured in the flagon Then 10 ml of HCl ought to be filled another jar 10 ml of refined water ought to be poured onto another jar Put a tile containing a X mark under the sodium thiosulphate jar Then blend all these 3 synthetic compounds into one, for example, pour the 10 ml of water and 10 ml of HCl onto the carafe containing sodium thiosulphate. When the response begins put the stopwatch on After we saw the response between began framing white accelerate which made the X mark look dimmer and dimmer to at long last no X mark. When the X mark isn't seeable stop the stopwatch and record the time Everytime we finish a response we needed to utilize another cup Everytime we start another response the centralization of sodium thiosulphate we decline it by 10 ml and increment water by 10 ml During the analyses the measure of |Hydrochloric corrosive consistently continues as before at 10 ml The means are the equivalent for each new response on this examination whether if the focus even changes Preliminary work Before leading a genuine test I will do a Preliminary test to look at whether the investigation will work. I have utilized a similar technique as appeared above and postulations are the outcomes I got Volume of sodium thiosulphate (ml) water (ml) Hydrochloric corrosive (ml) Time it takes for X to disappear 3secs Experiment chart Results The table beneath shows the aftereffects of my genuine investigation. The analysis was accomplished for multiple times to get the normal time taken which can make it much progressively exact Na2S2O3 (Ml) H2O (Ml) Volume of HCl (Ml) Trial 1 Time taken (Seconds) Trial 2 Time taken (Seconds) Trial 3. Time taken (Seconds) Average Time taken (Seconds) 40 ml 10 ml 10 mlâ 000 Conclusion After leading my examination and keeping in mind that taking a gander at my outcomes I feel that my forecasts were genuine on the grounds that I anticipated that when the focus is high the response will be quick contrasted with the response with less fixation and same in my outcome I saw when sodium thiosulphate is 40 ml and water is 10ml the response takes 48. 83 seconds yet when water is at 40 ml and sodium thiosulphate is at 10 ml the response takes 194. 00 seconds Analysis As you can see from the outcomes in the segment previously, the charts and chronicles obviously show that the focus affects the pace of the response. As the fixation expands, the pace of response accelerates too. The accompanying diagrams unmistakably express that where the sodium thiosulphate was generally weaken, and was at the grouping of 10ml, the pace of response took the longest all things considered and in each investigation taken. The diagrams additionally show that the pace of response happened the fastest when the Na2S203 was at its most elevated fixation. As should be obvious in the chart, the diagram takes a negative relationship in structure. The pace of response time begins most elevated on account of the low fixation. As the reactant particles are further separated and there are more observer particles present, hindering the response. These particles don't participate in the response however can back it off as the do go about as an obstacle. This makes it hard fro impacts to occur. This keeps the response from happening rapidly and prevents the item from shaping rapidly. As the focus gradually builds, the quantity of observer particles diminishes in a similar given volume, which in the examination is 10cm3. This makes it more probable and simpler for impacts to really happen. This being all things considered, it implies that the response happens snappier thus the items are framed faster too. Despite the fact that the paces of response for the various fixations were all totally different, the cross on the card in the end vanished in each test. The cross didn't generally vanish however. This is only an expression utilized. What truly happened was that the strong Sulfur that is framed as a hasten of the responses, shields our view and it is a murky substance. The Sulfur is a smooth yellow shading and can be seen when exhausting out the substance of the cone shaped jar. It once in a while can leave a buildup within the flagon. The pace of response additionally relies upon how rapidly all the Sulfur is framed as a finished result. This can be subject to the fixation too. On the off chance that there are more particles in a given volume there will be more iotas that need to attach to make the item. Point My focus on this coursework is see whether pace of a compound response is influenced by the expansion of an impetus in the response How an impetus functions There are numerous manners by which we can accelerate the pace of responses. An impetus can either increment or lessening the pace of response. A positive impetus brings down enactment vitality. The particles, in this manner, need less vitality to respond and the procedure continues all the more rapidly. A negative impetus (an inhibitor) hinders the pace of a concoction response by doing the specific inverse. In any case, understand that the impetus itself doesn't happen in the response and it is, in this way, not spent in the response. The following is a vitality chart indicating the nearness of an impetus. The chart shows the impact of a positive impetus on the enactment vitality. At the point when you utilize an impetus, there is as much impetus toward the finish of the response a

How to Write an Expository Essay

How to Write an Expository Essay Modern students have many written assignments to do because this type of tasks helps to evaluate students knowledge of a subject and improve their creative thinking and writing skills. There are many different kinds of compositions, and an expository essay is one of them. What is a expository essay? Expository essay definition says that it is a kind of writing that explains a particular topic to the audience. So, according to the expository essay definition, one can clearly understand that the most important components of good expository essay writing are: A controversial topic to highlight. A concise and defined thesis statement to be explained. These components are necessary if you want to make your explanative composition perfect. Expository Essay Ideas Do you have any difficulties with papers’ creation? Our recommendations will help you to cope with the task easily and quickly. So, here is the enumeration of necessary steps to create the elucidative composition: Select a topic. Don’t know how to start an expository essay? As well as each piece of writing, this kind of composition starts from choosing a topic. The subject should be very debatable and narrow enough, and should also be suitable for your assignment given by your professor. So, if you have no ideas what topic to choose, you may apply these two techniques: Brainstorming. Try to improve your creativity by using this method because it can help you practically in each situation. You should think out at least ten topics for your future paper. The more, the better! Then, choose only one, which you like the most. Free writing. It is a kind of continuation of the previous method when you just take a sheet of paper and start writing everything that is coming to your head at this moment. With the help of this very method, you may find some interesting subjects to speak about, and then you may easily blot out the beginning of the text with full, undiluted nonsense. Create a thesis sentence. As you remember, the thesis sentence for this task must be clear and concise. It is the sentence that will clearly define the idea and the subject of the text, the so-called basis of your work that you should explain by suitable arguments and your own point of view. In terms of structure, it is important to give the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph of the paper. Select a method of development. There are several various methods to do the assignment of such kind. They are: Definition. Using this method, you will explain something by giving different definitions connected with the topic. Example. This technique is more persuasive than the first one because here you should show several typical examples of the explained phenomenon. Compare and contrast. This method is the simplest one because it is easier to elucidate some event by comparing it with something else. Cause and effect. This way is similar to the previous one, but you should just show the connection between causes and effects without any comparison. Classification. This way helps to elucidate some events by classifying them into different groups. Process analysis. This is one of the simplest and the most persuasive techniques to use for the explanation of various phenomena. Organize the essay. Dont forget that as well as other tasks, your paper must have the introductory part, the body paragraphs, and the conclusion. You should give your thesis statement in the introduction because, further on, you will give different arguments to explicate your idea. Make topics sentences. Topic sentences will be the bricks for your future body paragraphs. Don’t forget that they must directly relate to the thesis statement of your work and support the standpoint. Note down the body. Make the body paragraphs of your composition. Such kind of paper, as well as others, has the five-paragraph structure with one paragraph to introduce the idea, three items to give different arguments, and one to conclude the paper. Dont forget to place the arguments supporting your idea in the right order: from the strongest to the weakest ones. Create the introduction. Sometimes it is very difficult to write the text from the beginning to the end, so it can be better to make body paragraphs first and then, when you will have a clear understanding of the main part of your composition, write the introduction itself. The introduction should contain the thesis statement, introduce the division of main parts of the text, and attract readers’ attention. Make the conclusion. The final part should stress the thesis statement once again and give the summary of your explanation that was proved by various evidence, which was given by you in the main part of the writing piece. Avoid adding any new information in the final part, because it should be clear and precise as well as other parts. So, try to make the last part efficient. Revise the composition. Revision is one of essential parts of the work if you want to have a good mark for the assignment. So, making the revision, you have an excellent opportunity to re-build and modify your composition to make it better. Mind the following points: Does the text have a good structure? Do all paragraphs look like finished pieces of text? Do you use necessary transitions between different parts of the work? Do you avoid going into unnecessary details and losing the focus of the text? Edit the text. Dont forget about another important part of perfect composition creation â€" proofreading. Check spelling and comma use throughout the work; it would not go amiss. It is good to do it the next morning after you finish the writing itself, but you should have enough time for it, so dont procrastinate and try to organize the work in order to have a possibility to look through the text with a fresh eye. Mind the format. The layout of the paper itself is also very important if you want to have a good mark. The expository essay format usually meets the requirements of the Modern Language Association (MLA). Thus, mind the following recommendations while typing: Font. You should use 12-point Times New Roman font. Such font is a globally accepted standard of formatting the academic writing works. Margins. Apply one-inch margin for all sides of the document. Alignment. Use alignment at the left margin. To do it, choose the function Align Left. Spaces. The whole text must be typed double-spaced. Be attentive: there must be no extra spaces. Some students have troubles with structure of their texts, others don’t know how to start or to finish work on the written assignment, but following our simple tips on expository essay writing, you will be able to create one of the best written tasks you have ever had. As a result, you will never have any difficulties with explanatory texts’ creation. So, do you want to have good marks? Use our recommendations and enjoy your student life!

Analysis Of The Movie Pocahontas - 1127 Words

If anyone has heard of the name John Smith, then the movie Pocahontas probably comes to mind. Those who know about the movie are familiar with the fact that he plays as the love of Pocahontas’s life. In reality, that was not all that he was. Captain John Smith lived from January 9, 1580 to June, 1631. After a merchant’s apprenticeship, Smith was determined to live a life of combat and serve with the English Army abroad. At work as a soldier for hire, Smith ultimately embarked on a campaign against the Turks in Hungary, where he was captured and enslaved. He was sent to what is now Istanbul and served a tenderhearted mistress who did not want Smith to be her slave, which led to being sent to her brother’s home, where he was to do involuntary farm work. After receiving harsh behavior from his master, Smith murdered him and got away, eventually returning to England in the early 1600s. He was an English explorer and soldier, and one of the founders of the Jam estown, Virginia, settlement. 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Culture The Minds Eye What The Blind See - 1691 Words

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He throws a bookRead MoreThe Mega Marketing Of Depression Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesset forth by authorities inadvertently transform an individual’s reality into an unoriginal, predetermined reality. In other words, there is an infinite number of aesthetically eccentric views, but we are given binoculars to only focus on what others want us to see. Unfortunately, these societal interferences are nearly unavoidable. Cathy Davidson’s essay, â€Å"Project Classroom Makeover,† presents how the enforcement of munda ne standardization in American education systems leads to the decrease of originalRead More Invisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison2385 Words   |  10 Pagesnarrator’s encounters with them. One of the major motifs in Invisible Man is blindness. The first time we’re shown blindness in the novel is at the battle royal. The blindfolds that all of the contestants wear symbolize how the black society is blind to the way white society is still belittling them, despite the abolishment of slavery. When he arrives at the battle, the narrator says â€Å"I was told that since I was to be there anyway I might as well take part in the battle royal to be fought by someRead MoreA Simple Heart: Gustave Flauberts Story of an Arrested Life1392 Words   |  6 Pagesfor her at first he instructs her to forget what happened, but when he put his left arm around her waist while they sauntered along she does not protest (Flaubert 2). Contrary to the heroines of some romantic novels, Felicite does not become a fallen woman, but she seems naÃÆ' ¯ve about her prospects regarding marriage to a more wealthy young man and becomes over-invested in the relationship. In this incident, Flaub ert suggests that Felicite perceived what could be her one source of happiness. However

The Theory of Michelangelo’s Architecture Free Essays

Michelangelo’s architecture was revolutionary to say the least when observed against the backdrop of the then accepted norms in architecture and arts in general. During his time, architects usually think of architecture and arts in universal terms as seeing the works per se as composed of mathematical numbers (measurements) or geometry. Artists of the Renaissance period expressed their arts in more commonly in abstract forms. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Michelangelo’s Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michelangelo, on the other hand, feels, sees, and would interact with his art as though it is an animated thing (p 38). Indeed, it is enlightening to approach a structural design through the lenses of such a genius as the Master. It is important to get enough acquaintance with the anatomy of the whole thing. For Michelangelo, the building is not just a building, but like the human body, it lives and breathes; therefore he could look at a structure and see every part of it as having its unique and special function – as nose, eyes, arms, and other parts of the body have their own special purposes for the proper functioning of the whole physique to the full benefit of the man. While the writers of medieval times would draw their ideas of architectural outline from the human anatomy, most of them do not conceive of the body as a life form. When drawing from the human body any architectural ideas, the assumed perception is that the body is a miniature of the universe with all its parts functioning in perfect harmony. This perfect synchronization though, according to the prevailing notions of the artists of those days, could not be achieved practically since – according to them – it was only an ideal and therefore could not be possibly realized in actuality. Hence, the use of numbers and measurements – in short, geometrical approach. For example, one can just look at the available models, such as those crafted by Francisco Di Giorgio (ideal church plan p. 39), and Cesariano (the Vitruvian Figure, 1521 p 40). The said models, as can be observed, are both replicas of the human body. These architectural designs were common in medieval period. Michelangelo’s attitude was somewhat off tangent when compared to his peers. Indeed, he was different and was very free in terms of his individuality, especially as it was applied to his works. Whereas his contemporaries have chosen to settle for the perfections of mathematical figures/measurements, Michelangelo argued for (as attested in his works) the â€Å"motions† and the â€Å"emotions. For Michelangelo, everything from the observer to the object – including the vast backdrop of the surroundings – are all interconnected, that when an artist sets himself to plan a building, he should consider the presumed interplay between the object (the architectural design of the building), its backdrop (the environment), and the observer. Remember, the structural design for Michelangelo was a dynamic thing which exerts its influence to the observers. How to cite The Theory of Michelangelo’s Architecture, Papers

Zip Car Performance Analysis free essay sample

Zipcar is expanding rapidly since it was established in 2000. According to its latest 8-k form, for the 2012 first quarter, revenue increased 20% to $59. 1 million compared to $49. 1 million in the prior year period. Revenue growth resulted primarily from a 23% year-over-year increase in membership to more than 709,000 members at quarter end. But does it really have a sustainable growth to support its expanding and operation? We implement a rough accounting and financial analysis to evaluate its performance and forecast its future. Due to the high fleet cost and Selling, General and Administrative cost, Zipcar never achieved a net profit in its history. It had a net margin as (7. 5%) in 2010 and (2. 9%) in 2011, the trend is positive, showing the management’s effort to increase the revenue and decrease expenses. For the effectiveness of utilizing the assets, Zipcar achieved its asset turnover rate as 7. 0% in 2011, compared to 7. 5% in 2010. This down trend can also showed as Zipcar’s revenue per member went from $429 in 2009 to 2 in 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Zip Car Performance Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may results from the average 20% growth rate of members, and most of the new members did not use the hourly service as much as the old members. For the leverage, it was 4. 15 in 2010 and 1. 17 in2011, the result is positive, and showing that Zipcar’s strategy on decreasing financing cost on acquiring and maintaining the large scale of vehicles (Cut down on loan and acquire vehicles through Assets Backed Securities (ABS) Facility) has been working. For the Return of Equity, even though it is still negative as (2. 4%) at the end of 2011, its loss on equity decreased almost 90% from 23. % in 2010. The investors may see it as a positive signal that Zipcar did its best to increase its profitability, and It implies a possibility that Zipcar may achieve other analyst’ estimated 2 million net incomes at the end of FY 2012.   Since Zipcar’s core business is providing â€Å"wheels when people want them†, there are two factors determining the revenue of Zipcar, revenue per member and number of its membership. From the Exhibit1, Average revenue per member decreased from $410 in 2008 to $360 in 2011. Going forward, revenue per member will continue to see further declines as membership grows. We assume that 2012 will have the same downside rate as 2011, (2. 5%). In this way, the average revenue per member will reach around $351 for 2012. For the growth of members, Zipcar has 0. 54 million members in 2010 and 0. 67 million members in 2011, with a growth rate of over 24%. But the latest 8-K form shows a growth rate of 23%, so we estimate the growth rate of membership in 2012 is the same as the first quarter, and the total members of Zipcar will be 0. 824 million. With the estimated revenue per member, we will have estimated revenue as $289. 22 million. Be conservatively, we assume Zipcar hold the same profitability as 2011, the estimated loss will be $2. 1 million for 2012, increased from $1. 953 million in 2011(Exhibit 2). From the financial perspective, we use the PB ratio and PE ratio to estimate its growth rate. In the assumption, we use the 10-year Treasury bond rate as Risk Free rate as 1. 89%. For the equity risk premium, forward looking approaches, as well as more recent historical data, suggest an equity risk premium in the 3 to 5 percent range. So we choose 3. 2% in this case. What’s more, we get the Beta as 0. 102 by using last one year’s monthly data of Zipcar’s historical price and the NASDAQ-100 stock index (Exhibit 3). In this way, from Exhibit 4, we get estimated growth rate from PB ratio as 6. 9%, estimated growth from PE ratio as 4. 5% and sustainable growth rate of (12. 9)%. These numbers support our forecast in accordance with the accounting data. Zipcar do have to solve its problem of cost management in operation and financing activities. On the other hand, the stock price of Zipcar plunges since the beginning of 2012, reflect the investors’ negative expectation for the value of the company, considering the increasing fuel expense and appeals of buying a new car with huge cash discount from dealers and manufacturers and so on. Zipcar must provide solid performance, improved profitability of company, growth of memberships, a variety of new services and reasonable dividend policy in the future, to attract investors to buy in their stocks.