Factors That Should Be Considered When Determining The...

Factors that should be considered when determining the purpose of evaluation are: Formative evaluation and summative evaluation are the two factors that determine the purpose of educational evaluation (Glickman, Gordon, Ross-Gordon, 2014, p. 225). Robert Stakes says it best in his comment: â€Å"When the cook tastes the soup, that s formative: When the guests taste the soup, that s summative† (Billard, 2011). Just as a cook, evaluators are using formative evaluations to keep the program in balance, to improve the program, to eliminate distractions from goals and to reassure that the program follows the pre-established guidelines. Consequently, the evaluators are using the summative evaluations to determine if the programs are fulfilling their purpose; the sole outcome of summative evaluation is to keep the programs, to modify dramatically the programs or to terminate the programs (Glickman et al., 2014). As an inference from Stakes’ quote, the summative evaluations can include the findings from formative evaluations (Glickman et al., 2014). Factors that should be considered when determining who will evaluate are: Who will evaluate the programs implemented? It would be wise to consider all the factors when establishing the participants of the evaluations. When the State, District, Schools or central office develop programs it is significant to include the beneficiary before taking the decisions (Glickman et al., 2014) because the beneficiary can offer an input to the program.Show MoreRelatedFactors of Change1014 Words   |  5 PagesFACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHANGING AN ORGANIZATION The following factors should be considered whenever change is being contemplated: 1. The Change Agent 2. Determining What should be Changed 3. The kind of Change to Make 4. Individuals affected by the Change 5. 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How Birth Of A Nation Reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes...

How Birth of a Nation reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes about African-Americans In the early 1900s, the movie industry in America developed the atmosphere filled with racial and political medium, which later became a propaganda tool for selling of brute caricature. Many will recognize the films titled Birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith, which was very historical since its technological innovation embraced or portrayed all the anti-Black caricatures, and other brutes. Sing Griffin was a Kentuckian, and someone who believed in the Southern values, he was sure, everything were embodied in The Clansman, a sentimental novel of Reconstruction that earlier appeared in 1905 and was very dramatic in the entire South. It was a dedication to his†¦show more content†¦This research paper attempts to help understand the manner in which The Birth of a Nation reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes about African-Americans. All through the considered silent period, Blacks in film were typically pigeonholed as toms or coons. Nonetheless, the savage still showed up, particularly in the uncommon, in movies of â€Å"all colored cast†. These movies were aimed at portraying women as lesser beings because they could be used as dancers or sex tools in the Antebellum South, or in present-day Harlem. Extensive consideration has been given to the commonness and diligence of generalizations of the blacks in America (Bates 661). Yet one of these recognized generalizations or stereotyping, the â€Å"abysmal mulatto,† has gotten quick consideration from researchers and social pundits of film and pop culture in the United States. The Birth of a Nation portrays a society that is truly bent in keeping up the rigid social limits, this exclusion is very tricky. It is true that most films during this period, tried to dissect the film’s political capacities and sociological effect as far as race, sex, an d class is concerned. The Birth of a Nation and the Rise of the Film Industry According to (Bates 665), â€Å"Cinematic society refers to the 20th century societal formation that recognizes itself via cinematic apparatus,† he points to the chief place that films hold in

Fdi- Boon or Bane Free Essays

string(38) " it will be worth an estimated US\$6\." FDI IN INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR ABSTRACT: The research paper aims to understand whether the FDI policy introduced in the Retail sector in India is a Boon or a Bane. The paper gives an outlook of the Indian Retail Sector, its growth trajectories and its contribution to the national GDP. It also entails in detail the policy of FDI in this sector and its various clauses. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi- Boon or Bane or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper, in the end, talks about the benefits of implementing the FDI policy, and also what disadvantages it possess. 1. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR Indian retail sector is the most booming sector in the Indian economy and largest sources of employment after agriculture. Trade or retailing is the single largest component of the services sector in terms of contribution to GDP. Its massive share of 14% is double the figure of the next largest broad economic activity in the sector. India is the second most attractive retail destination ‘globally from among thirty emergent markets. It has made India the cause of a good deal of excitement and the cynosure of many foreign eyes. With a contribution of 14% to the national GDP and employing 7% of the total workforce (only agriculture employs more) in the country, the retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy. It is undergoing a transitional phase to usher organized retail. The attitudinal shifts of the Indian consumers were in terms of â€Å"Choice Preference†, â€Å"Value for money’ and the emergence of organized retail format. The overall Indian retail sector is expected to rise to US $ 833 billion by 2013 and to US $ 1. 3 trillion by 2018. In line with the global developments in the retail industry, Indian retail is largely dominated by the unorganized retailers. It has witnessed a massive transition in the last decade. Of the total retail sales, the food and grocery segment constitute the major chunk. Growing in tandem with the economy is the Indian retail sector. The sector is on a high growth trajectory and is expected to grow by more than 27 per cent over the next 5 to 6 years. Initially it was predominately fragmented through the owner- run â€Å"Mom and Pop Outlets†. The change in lifestyle, education, travel and disposable income has changed the pattern of consumption. Customers are aware of their surroundings and developments. The awareness was created through the advent of technology such as television, cable and satellite channels. They are accustomed to the organized retail format. Understanding the pulse or trend of the market the large corporate groups like ITC, Reliance, Tata, Rahejia and others are infusing staggering amounts of capital into organized retail sector. The Cardiovascular System iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/the-cardiovascular-system-intrinsic-conduction-system/embed/#?secret=u0WTJVCBYX" data-secret="u0WTJVCBYX" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;The Cardiovascular System#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Some of the leading Indian retailers who had tapped this market were Bata India Ltd, Big Bazaar, Crossword, Ebony Retail Holdings Ltd. , Food Bazaar, Globus Stores Pvt. Ltd. , Liberty shoes Ltd. , Music World Entertainment Ltd. , Pantaloon Retail India Ltd. , Shoppers Stop, Subhiksha, Titan Industries, Trent, Benetton, Addidas, Reebok, Levis, Diary Farm, KFC, Metro, WalMart, Marks Spencer’s etc are some of the popular global retail brands that have set up retail business in India. The organized retail sector comes with the concept of malls, supermarkets and department stores. Like Subhiksha, Marks Spencer’s, Oberon etc it gives a different feeling and the environment of pick and choose from a variety of products. The modern retail formats are encouraging development of well-established and efficient supply chains in each segment ensuring efficient movement of goods from farms to kitchens, which will result in huge savings for the farmers as well as for the nation. The Government also stands to gain through more efficient collection of tax revenues. In the coming years it can be said that the hypermarket route will emerge as the most preferred format for international retailers stepping into the country. At present, there are 50 hypermarkets operated by four to five large retailers spread across 67 cities catering to a population of half-a-million or more. Estimates indicate that this sector will have the potential to absorb many more hypermarkets in the next four to five years. According to World Bank report, it is suggested to have an organized retail sector so that it is easy to have a direct control on the price mechanism and to control on the macro economic variables. Strengths 1. India attracted US$16. 9bn in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in 2006, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development – a 153% year-on year increase. 2. A cheap, skilled, English-speaking workforce can do the jobs of Western workers for a fraction of the wages paid in North America or Europe. 3. Average annual GDP growth of 7. 7% is predicted by BMI through to 2016. With the population expected to increase from 1. 26bn in 2012 to 1. 32bn by 2016, GDP per capita is forecast to rise 77. % by the end of the forecast period, reaching US$2,980. 4. The value of the retail segment is expected to grow from an estimated INR22. 53trn (US$489. 80bn) in 2012 to INR27. 73trn (US$739. 56bn) by 2016. Weaknesses 1. The competitiveness of local firms is undermined by official red tape, from foreign investment restrictions to inflexible labor laws. 2. Intellectual property rights are poorly protected in India, one of 12 countries on the 2009 priority watch list com piled by the US Trade Representative. 3. The rural population of India represents more than 70% of the total, while almost 37% is classified as not economically active by the UN. This is a major obstacle for retailers seeking to rapidly expand their customer base. Opportunities 1. India could enhance the competitiveness of the local industry through further liberalization and deregulation. 2. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is eager to reform the banking sector to increase the availability of long-term financing, particularly for large infrastructure projects. 3. The value of the OTC drug sector is forecast to grow by more than 94% by 2016, when it will be worth an estimated US$6. You read "Fdi- Boon or Bane" in category "Papers" 58bn. Threats: 1. The arrival of Western players, including management consultancy Accenture and technology company IBM, is raising local wages in the outsourcing sector. 2. China remains a major competitor for FDI flows into India. India has excessive bureaucracy and poor infrastructure in comparison with China, which attracted US$60. 6bn of FDI in 2005. 3. International retailers are restricted by India’s strict FDI regulations. Single-brand retailers are able to own a 51% majority stake in a joint venture with a local partner, but multi-brand retailers must operate through a franchise or cash-and-carry wholesale model. 2. WHAT IS FDI Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign investment refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more or voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital of the long term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of parameters. It usually involves participation in management joint-venture, transfer technology, and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and â€Å"stock of foreign direct investment† and outward foreign direct investment, which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares. FDI is one example of international factor movement. 3. FDI IN RETAIL: IT ALL BEGAN IN 2006 In 2006 the Indian government took the first step to promote organized retail in India by opening up single brand retailing to FDI. There are five entry routes through which the international players enter into the market, such as franchising, cash and carry wholesale trading, joint venture, manufacturing and distribution. Government of India permitted 100 per cent FDI in cash and carry wholesale formats through automatic route and up to 51 per cent FDI in single brand retail through Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). This rule made the international brand much easier to enter into the Indian retail market. Through this agreement Reebok, Nokia and Adidas entered the Indian market. However the franchising is one of the way through which small retailers embrace organized retailing through brand association where there’s a scope for leveraging business operations. The 100 per cent FDI permits for cash and carry has paved the way for retail giants like German Based Metro and US based Wal-Mart to set up their shops in India. Reliance Retail had made a tie up with UK based Marks Spencer to float an equal joint venture and this would scale up 1400 stores by the end of the next fiscal year. The benefits of FDI investment in the retail sector were: 1. It improves the quality in products and services because of higher competition 2. Improved the lifestyle 3. Economies of scale would help lower consumer prices and increase the purchasing power of the consumer 4. The technology upgraded the system in terms of logistics, production and distribution channels. It adds as a driver in the Supply Chain Management. . The FDI investment will help in flourishing and developing the retail segment. 6. It not only promotes tourism and would develop skills and manpower. 4. FDI NOW IN RETAIL India’s retailing industry is essentially owner manned small shops. In 2010, larger format convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4 percent of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers Unti l 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets. Even single-brand retail was limited to 51% ownership and a bureaucratic process. In November 2011, India’s central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as  Walmart,  Carrefour  and  Tesco, as well single brand majors such as  IKEA, Nike, and  Apple. In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India. Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores. On 14 September 2012, the government of India announced the opening of FDI in multi-brand retail, subject to approvals by individual states. This decision has been welcomed by economists and the markets, however has caused protests and an upheaval in India’s central government’s political coalition structure. On 20 September 2012, the Government of India formally notified the FDI reforms for single and multi brand retail, thereby making it effective under Indian law. On 7 December 2012, the Federal Government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India. The Feds managed to get the approval of multi-brand retail in the parliament despite heavy uproar from the opposition. The government of Manmohan Singh, prime minister, announced on 24 November 2011 the following: * India will allow foreign groups to own up to 51 per cent in â€Å"multi-brand retailers†, as supermarkets are known in India, in the most radical pro-liberalisation reform passed by an Indian cabinet in years; * Single brand retailers, such as Apple and IKEA, can own 100 percent of their Indian stores, up from the previous cap of 51 percent; * Both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will have to source nearly a third of their goods from small and medium-sized Indian suppliers; * All multi-brand and single brand stores in India must confine their operations to 53-odd cities with a population over one million, out of some 7935 towns and cities in India. It is expected that these stores will now have full access to over 200 million urban consumers in India; * Multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment of US$100 million with at least half of the amount invested in back end infrastructure, including cold chains, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing to considerably reduce the post harvest losses and bring remunerative prices to farmers; * The opening of retail competition will be within India’s federal structure of government. In other words, the policy is an enabling legal framework for India. The states of India have the prerogative to accept it and implement it, or they can decide to not implement it if they so choose. Actual implementation of policy will be within the parameters of state laws and regulations. The opening of retail industry to global competition is expected to spur a retail rush to India. It has the potential to transform not only the retailing landscape but also the nation’s ailing infrastructure. A Wall Street Journal article claims that fresh investments in Indian organized retail will generate 10 million new jobs between 2012–2014, and about five to six million of them in logistics alone; even though the retail market is being opened to just 53 cities out of about 8000 towns and cities in India. It is expected to help tame stubbornly high inflation but is likely to be vehemently opposed by millions of small retailers, who see large foreign chains as a threat. The need to control food price inflation—averaging double-digit rises over several years—prompted the government to open the sector, analysts claim. Traders add huge mark-ups to farm prices, while offering little by way of technical support to help farmers boost their productivity, packaging technology, pushing up retail prices significantly. Big foreign retailers would provide an impetus for them to set up modern supply chains, with refrigerated vans, cold storage and more efficient logistics. Foreign chains can also bring in humongous logistical benefits and capital; the biggest beneficiary would be the small farmers who will be able to improve their productivity by selling directly to large organized players. 5. ADVANTAGES 1. Huge Market Size and a Fast Developing Economy India is the second largest country in the world just behind China in terms of population. Currently the total population is about 1. 2 billion. This huge population base automatically makes a huge market for the business operators to capture and also a major part of it is still can be considered as un-served or not yet been penetrated. Therefore FDI investors automatically get a huge market to capture and also ample opportunity to generate cash inflows at relatively quicker times. The economy of India is also moving at faster pace than most of the economy of the world and inhabitants of the country also obtaining purchasing power at the same rate. 2. Availability of Diversified Resources and Cheap Labor Force The huge advantage every company gets by investing in India is the availability of diversified resources. It is a country where different kinds of materials and technological resources are available. India is a huge country and has forest as well as mining and oil reserve as well. These are also coupled with availability of very cheap labor forces at almost every parts of the country. From Mumbai which is in the west to Bengal which is in the east there is ample opportunity to set up business venture and location and most importantly labor is available at low cost. 3. Increasing Improvement of Infrastructure A lot of research study in India finds out that historically the country fails to attract a significant amount of FDI mainly because of problems in infrastructure. But the scenario is changing. The Indian government has taken huge projects in transportation and energy sectors to improve the case. The projects for developing road transport is worth of $90 billion, for rail it has undertaken several projects each worth of $20 million and for ports and airports the value of development projects is around $ 80 billion. In addition the investment in energy development is worth of $ 167 billion and investment in nuclear energy development is outside that calculation. These huge investments are changing the investment climate in the country and investors will benefit hugely by that (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005; Dua Rasheed, 1998). 4. Public Private Partnerships Another significant advantage foreign investors experience in India today is the opportunities of PPP or Public private Partnership in different important sectors like energy, transportation, mining, oil industry etc. It is advantageous in several ways as it has eliminated the traditional tirade barriers and also joint venture with government is risk free up to the great extent (GOI, 2007; IMF, 2005; Nagaraj, 2003). 5. IT Revolution and English Literacy Today the modern India considered being one of the global leaders in IT. India has developed its IT sectors immensely in last few years and as of today many leading firms outsource their IT tasks in India. Because of IT advancement the firm which will invest in India will get cheap information access and IT capabilities as Indian firms are global leader. Along with that Indian youth are energetic and very capable in English language which is obligatory in modern business conduction. This capability gives India an edge over others. Foreign firms also find it profitable and worthy investment by recruiting Indian HR (GOI, 2006; GOI, 2007; IMF, 2005; Lall, 2002). 6. Openness towards FDI Recently the Government of India has liberalized their policies in certain sectors, like Increase in the FDI limits in different sectors and also made the approval system far easier and accessible. Unlike the historical tradition, today for investing in India government approval do not require in the special cases of investing in various important sectors like energy, transportation, telecommunications etc (Economic Department, 2005; GOI, 2007; Nagaraj, 2003). . Regulatory Framework and Investment Protection In the process of accelerating FDI in the country the government of India has make the regulatory framework lot more flexible. Now a day’s foreign investors get different advantages of tax holiday, tax exemptions, exemption of service and central taxes. The government also opened few special economic zones and investors of those zones also get a lot of befits by investing money. Apart from that there are number of laws has been passed and executed for making the investments safe and secure for the foreign investors (IMF, 2005; Nagaraj, 2003; Planning Commission of India, 2002; World Bank, 2004). FDI can be a powerful catalyst to vigorous competition in the retail industry, due to the current scenario of low competition and poor productivity. FDI will help if farmers can bargain. Villages only know how to produce things. We have to tell them how to market their produce, how to do value addition. One of the things we have talked about a lot in the book is cooperative farming. In India, farmers have small holding but they form a cooperative, it becomes a large holding and then form a cooperative, it becomes a large holding and then the farmer has bargain power. FDI will accelerate retail market growth, providing more employment opportunities. It s a basic principle that creating competition in general is good for the market. But the doubt is that, since proper procurement and distribution system and the infrastructure is not fixed, how the rest will fall in place, when the giant retailers enter our market. Back-end procurement will still remain big problem. Sumita Kale, economi st, in his statement says that â€Å"the debate that by-introducing 51 percent FDI, a lot of money will flow out of the country is an old school of thought. Lots of our Indian companies are operating abroad and have successfully contributed to our economy. The bigger issue is that with benefits we might end up paying a price hence we must work on a reasonable solution. As mentioned earlier the farmer will benefit from FDI as they will be able to get better prices for their produce. The elimination of the intermediate channels in that procurement process will lead to reduction of prices for consumers. Foreign brand will promote healthy completion in market. Every time the government brings up the subject of FDI, the domestic retailers with the support of some politician jump to lobby against the bill. As the government initializing the FDI, there is bound to be some problems, which can definitely be resolved. The government in near future can appoint a regulating body to monitor the retail sector just like other sectors. There will be lot of man power requirement when FDI starts, logistic demands will be more, and people to serve in these stores will get jobs. Managerial positions will open up. Technological requirements and software developments will increase based on the Indian market software needs will be changed. Infrastructure and building constructions will take place. The living conditions will change, good roads will come up. There will be good flow of money that flows these are major benefits of FDI. 6. DISADVANTAGES Customers feel that retail stores offer better deals, but they don’t realize that they end up paying and buying more than what is required. If 51 percent FDI is allowed in multi brand, it will teach the local retailers about real competition and help in ensuring that they give better service to Indian consumers. It is obviously good for local completion and there are no consequences of our local kirana shops disappearing. The Kirana stores operate in a different environment catering to certain set of customers and they will continue to find new ways to retain them. Kirana stores are convinced that stores all big stores will be set up far away from the city and the travel time in India will not help us to go often and buy things from these large stores. Large store buying will help only in bulk purchases. So there is no need to fear about the FDI investment in this context. Investing in India definitely has some negative sides as well. Most noticeably India considered as a huge market but a major portion of that is a lower and middle class person who still suffers from budget shortage. The infrastructure of the country also needs to be improved a lot and already it is under huge strain. There are also problems exists in the power demand shortfall, port traffic capacity mismatch, poor road conditions deal with an inefficient and sometimes still slow-moving bureaucracy. The huge market in India is an advantage but it is also very diverse in nature. India has 17 official languages, 6 major religions, and ethnic diversity as wide as all of Europe. This makes the tasks difficult for the companies to make appropriate product or service portfolio. India is not a member of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes also not of the New York Convention of 1958. That make life bit difficult for the foreign investors. India still has a heavy regulation burden among other countries, for example the time taken to start business or to register a property is higher in India. Similarly, indirect taxes, entry-exit barriers and import duties have been major disadvantages (Nagaraj, 2003; Planning Commission of India, 2002; USITC, 2007; World Bank, 2004). KEYWORDS: Retail, FDI, SME, Multi-brand, Single-brand REFERENCES: 1) Amanpreet Kang. (2012). Evaluating Effects of FDI In Developing Economies: The Curious Case of Pharmaceutical Companies. ABS, Amity University Rajasthan (ISSN 2230 7230) 2) Anonymous. (11 Feb, 2008;). FDI reforms. Business Asia. 3) Anu Antony. (July – December 2009). The Transitional Shift Of Indian Market Space And FDI In Retail. Globsyn Management Journal. 4) Dr Surender Kumar Gupta. (Feb 2012). FDI and Indian Retail Sector-The Path Ahead. International Journal of Marketing and Technology (ISSN: 2249 1058). 5) Prof. G. V. Bhavani Prasad, E. Hari Prasad Sharma (June 2012). Impact Of FDI on Economic Development of India. International Journal of Marketing and Technology (ISSN: 2249 1058). 6) H. S. Yadav, Sangeeta Jauhari. (2011-2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Retail Trade in India (The Consequences under Globalization). Skyline Business Journal. 7) M. Chackochen and Pon Ramalingam. (April – June, 2012). FDI Investment: Retail Franchising. SCMS Journal of Indian Management.. 8) Tarun Kanti Bose. (1 May, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI in China and India. International Business Research. 9) Anonymous. (2012). India Retail Report. Business Monitor International. 10) Seth, Smriti. (29 Nov 2011). FDI in retail to make consumers king? 122 mn consumers set to gain [Retailing]. The Economic Times. 11) Arati R Jerath. (04 Dec 2011). FDI in retail: Is it another nuclear deal moment?. The Economic Times. 12) Rai, Manmohan. (16 Sep 2012). FDI in retail is anti-farmer and anti-small retailers, says UP Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav. The Economic Times. 13) Sen, Amiti. (26 Mar 2012). FDI in retail: Local sourcing seems to work well in multi-brand retail, but not in single brands. The Economic Times. 14) Anonymous. (11 July 2012). FDI in single-brand retail: No policy change, DIPP to put IKEA’s concerns in FIPB court. The Economic Times. 15) Accord Fintech. (28 Jan 2012). SME’s support FDI in multi brand retail: CII Survey. The Economic Times. 16) Ghosal, Sutanuka; Srinivas, Nidhi Nath. (02 Dec 2011). FDI in India: Farmer bodies throw their weight behind retail FDI. The Economic Times. 17) www. ebsco. com 18) www. proquest. com How to cite Fdi- Boon or Bane, Papers

Two Relevant Traditions of Ethical Thinking †Myassignmenhelp.com

Question: What Is The Two Relevant Traditions Of Ethical Thinking? Answer: Introducation It has been observed that it is highly significant for the individuals of the society to maintain their life routine according to the healthy pattern. It is due to the reason that it helps them to work more productively and efficiently. In addition to this, it can be stated that those nations that do not care about their life patterns suffers with a lot of serious health issues. The researcher found that in the current stage 1 most of the individuals are the victims of the drugs though it can be intentional or unintentional. Moreover, it is denoted in the study of (Ho et al, 2014), when the residents of the society decides to live up according to their own wish they face a lot of troubles that eventually hurts their overall performance at the workplace along with this, it also affects their relationships in the most terrible manner (Chan et al, 2014). It is highly important for the individuals to understand the consumer behavior as it assists them to design the services and the patte rns accordingly. Considering this in mind, it is found that most of the residents of the society in the stage 1 are somehow related to the drugs that is affecting their health. In addition to this, it has been found that due to the high increase drugs the people are having the serious diseases like HIV. Hence, the person should need to extra careful about the drugs that need to be used in their daily routines that if they are using the right kind of tools for taking drugs (Bodenhausen et al, 2013). More specifically, it can be stated that with the increase in the drugs ratio. Furthermore, it has been observed that government is very much concerned about this problem and the higher officials are trying to come up with the strategies that can help their people to be more productive and with the less association of the drugs in their lives. In addition to this, it can be stated that the higher authorities of the government are formulating some campaigns that help them to make their nation out of this drug. According to the study of (Montano et al, 2015), it is mandatory for the higher officials of the society to gain knowledge about the consumer behavior patterns of their people. It is due to the reason that when the authorities are able to understand the behavior of their people they can be able to come up with the strategies that can help their people to stay out this addiction in the most effective and efficient manner. There are numerous things that can affect with the usage o f the drugs as it can make the person less person at the working place. In addition to this, it can be stated that the owners of the business should need to incorporate some strategies that can help their employees to work more productively without the usage of drugs in to it. Moreover, the employers should need to start some campaigns with the incorporation of the new strategies formulation as it would become the reason for the individuals to understand their worth of lives in the more effective and resultant manner (Hunter et al, 2014). According to the study of (Sniehotta et al, 2014), it is found that there are some functional theories of attitudes as it can help the individual to facilitate their social behaviors in the most functional manner as it is mainly determined by the persons motives. There are various reasons that can cause different attitudes. It has been observed by the researcher to understand all aspects that can change the attitude of an individual in the most productive manner. In addition this, the information gathered by the researcher indicated that a lot of the people mold their behavior according to their prcised situation. It has been observed that the attitude of the individual differs from object to object and the main reason behind this is that every single individual try to perceive according to their own thoughts and motives. Tripartite model of attitude It is found that the classic view of the tripartite model mainly offers the attitude that contains the element that is cognitive in nature along with the affective and the behavioral components (Fishbein, 1967). In addition to this, it can be stated that there are some views that are found in the attitude structure that provides the cognitive and the behavioral components and it mainly forms the structure of the of the derivative of the underlying beliefs (Hunter et ol, 2014). Cognitive Learning It has been observed that the cognitive learning behavior explain that why the brain is considered as the most incredible network of information for the individuals so they can be able to interpret the objects and the stuff that comes in front of them (Greenwald et al, 2013). In addition to this, it can be stated that there are some theories that explains that the social cognitive theory are the known as the cognitive abilities of the person. It is found that the cognitive abilities of the individuals help them to understand their concerns in the most efficient and effective manner. Feelings do behavior do There is a very significant relationship between the behavior of the person and the feelings that individual holds. In addition to this, it can be stated that with the increase in the hypertension hormones in the body of a person the overall behavior of that particular individual get influenced (Petty et al, 2014). Moreover, feelings of an individual fluctuate with the feelings or the emotions. It has been observed that the person should need to control the overall behavior pattern in the most deliberate manner. It is due to the reason that when that particular individual is able to control the anger it can become easy to enhance the behavior. There are numerous studies that show that with the increase in the behavior inceptions the person is able to perform more productively. Attitude towards objects According to the study of (Eagly et al, 1993), it is found that it is highly important for the person to make the attitude towards the objects that the minds see or perceive. In addition to this, it can be stated that when the person can see the main thought behind any of the objects only then that particular individual can make the most appropriate decisions about the relevant things. Moreover, the judgments or the feelings about the particular object can either be positive or negative. However, it depends on the attitude of that particular individual that a person perceives about it. Theory of Planned Behavior and Mode Theory It has been observed that the theory of planned behavior is mainly linked with the beliefs and the attitude of the person. The main concept about the planned behavior theory was initiated by Icek Ajzen in order to improve the predictive power of the theory so a person can become competent to take reasoned actions. On the other side, mode theory helps in understanding the overall pattern in the most effective and efficient manner. There are various systems of ethics and number of ways to think about wrong or right action, bad or good character. The ethic field is traditionally divided into three main areas thats Meta ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. The meta-ethics deals with the right and good of the nature and justification and nature of ethical claim, the normative ethic is based on the principle and standard to determine the thing is wrong or right (Tormalae et al, 2015). Whereas the applied -ethics deals with the real application of particular situation based on the principle of ethics. These filed of ethic is based on some top down theories known as consequentialist theory, non- consequentialist theory and agent-centered theories. The two traditional ethical thinking in these three theories are demands upon the utilitarianism ethical thinking approach from consequentialist theory and virtue ethics approach from agent-centered theories. The utilitarian approach is an approach that is defined b y an ancient Greek philosopher; according to him he proposed this approach on the basis of argument that a person spent a best life in a way if the person produced distress and least pain (Christians, 2015). The author of the particular study stated that they have applied a similar standard of theory to the actions of each individual and they have created a situation in which the good and bad behaviors are identified based on the amount of degree of pain or pleasure produced. This theory has been opposed to the materialist idea of pleasure that based on the concept of happiness. The second traditional approach, virtue ethics approach from agent-centered theories, according to the author it has been found that this is a theory which is based on action that consistent with ideal virtues of human (Greenwald et al, 2013). The author further stated with an argumentative theory that the ethics is particularly concerned with the persons whole life not just with some particular action of any person that the person should performed with in the situation. A person is said to be of good character will be the one has attained various virtues. The author further stated that it is very important to act virtuously in an appropriate manner based on number of situation. This approach is concerned with the persons entire life. The process of education and training is linked with this approach which last the great emphasize on the importance of various model in order to und erstand how to engage with in the ethical deliberation (filciker, 2015).. Consumer insight By applying these ethical perspectives the consumer insight have gained in a way that these are the most common approaches for making any sort of ethical consideration mostly in making decision that which thing would be good and bad, the consequences from the case have driven that the drugs have now at high rate that will be attracted by large number if group. This issue is produced by the lack of ethical consideration and the large group of people is engaged with in the bad habit of drug taking (shawa, 2016).. This concept of using various approaches have built an zone in which consumers are working to get over with the problem, they are working to deliver the best action in a rightly manner that is in a good and effective way to get rid from the harmful situation, so that they will develop a sense of insight about what is good or what is bad, this approaches are helpful in maintaining a good balance between the what is good and harm and working with the intention to remove the harm from society. The ethical action is being taken by them to make the cheery environment in which the thing with greatest good can be produced and will last the less harmful effect on cooperation, government, community and environment (wiejter, 2014). To improve sustainable consumption Ethical considerations are very necessary to focus on to improve the sustainable consumption (Pratkanis et al, 2014). These ethical aspects are helpful in recognizing about the good and bad, and help to lease down the harmful affect so each and every industry will not be get affected and consumption will be done in same manner, the author of study stated that the impact of bad behaviours results into low consumption and the overall industries will ne get affected. It has been found from the case that consumption power is not be fully sustain because of the issue that is produced by the lack of ethical consideration and the large group of people is engaged with in the bad habit of drug taking. This idea of utilizing different methodologies have assembled a zone in which customers are attempting to get over with the issue, they are attempting to convey the best activity in an appropriately way that is in a decent and successful approach to get freed from the hurtful circumstance, so th ey will build up a feeling of understanding about what is great or what is terrible (jansen, 2013). References Christians, C.G., Fackler, M., Richardson, K., Kreshel, P. and Woods, R.H., 2015.Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning. Routledge. Shaw, D., McMaster, R., Newholm, T. 2016 Care and commitment in ethical consumption: An exploration of the attitudebehaviour gap.Journal of Business Ethics,136(2), 251-265. Weijters, B., Goedertier, F. and Verstreken, S., 2014. Online music consumption in todays technological context: Putting the influence of ethics in perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,124(4), pp.537-550. Janssen, C., Vanhamme, J., Lindgreen, A. and Lefebvre, C., 2014. The Catch-22 of responsible luxury: Effects of luxury product characteristics on consumers perception of fit with corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.45-57. Pratkanis, A.R., Breckler, S.J. and Greenwald, A.G., 2014.Attitude structure and function. Psychology Press. Chan, Y.K., Sharma, P. and Kim, N.W., 2014. Applying the functional theory of attitude to counterfeit purchase. Ho, S.Y. and Bodoff, D., 2014. The effects of Web personalization on user attitude and behavior: An integration of the elaboration likelihood model and consumer search theory.MIS quarterly,38(2), pp.497-520. Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model.Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (. Sniehotta, F.F., Presseau, J. and Arajo-Soares, V., 2014. Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Eagly, A.H. and Chaiken, S., 1993.The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Fishbein, M.E., 1967. Readings in attitude theory and measurement. Petty, R.E. and Krosnick, J.A., 2014.Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Psychology Press. Greenwald, A.G., Brock, T.C. and Ostrom, T.M. eds., 2013.Psychological foundations of attitudes. Academic Press. Hunter, J.E., Danes, J.E. and Cohen, S.H., 2014.Mathematical models of attitude change: Change in single attitudes and cognitive structure(Vol. 1). Academic Press. Tormala, Z.L. and Briol, P., 2015. Attitude Change and Persuasion.The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Psychology. Bodenhausen, G.V. and Gawronski, B., 2013. Attitude change.

The Question Of Whether To Legalize Drugs Or Not Is A Very Essay Example For Students

The Question Of Whether To Legalize Drugs Or Not Is A Very Essay controversial and important issue. Drugs affect so many areas ofsociety. The U.S. population has an extremely high rate of alcoholand drug abuse (Grolier). Several groups have formed and spoken outregarding their position. Speaking Out Against Drug Legalizationis the first step in helping to deliver the credible, consistentmessage about the risks and costs of the legalization of drugs topeople in terms that make sense to them. The anti-legalization messageis effective when communicated by representatives of the FederalGovernment, but takes on even more credibility when it comes fromthose in the community who can put the legalization debate in localperspective (Internet). After learning about the issues regarding both sides of theargument, I would choose to support those who oppose legalizationof any drugs. Drugs simply create problems which effect society inseveral ways. The government has made several efforts to control drugsand their users, however, to most the problem appears too out of hand. Others see potential profit in legalizing drugs and still otherssimply believe that individual rights to take drugs should beprotected. The group also acknowledged that the legalization conceptappeals to people who are looking for simple solutions to thedevastating problem of drug abuse (Internet). Society’s answer tothe problem is to trick the drug user by giving him what he wants. We will write a custom essay on The Question Of Whether To Legalize Drugs Or Not Is A Very specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People believe that making drugs legal will take away the temptationto use them. This idea is wrong and far from logical. If drugs arelegalized then they will be more accessible to the young, addicted,and ignorant. As a result the ready availability of addicting drugs, and asa result of their heavy use for medical problems, many individualsbecame addicted to the narcotics contained in these potent medicines. In fact, in 1900, there were more narcotics addicts, proportionate tothe population, than there are today. At that time, most of the userswho became addicts were medical addicts. Very few abusers took drugsfor recreational purposes. In 1914, in an effort to curb theindiscriminate use of narcotics, the federal government passed theHarrison Act, making it illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without aprescription. During the 1920’s the Supreme Court ruled thatmaintaining addicts on narcotic drugs, even by prescription, was inviolation of the Harrison Act. Some 30,000 physicians were arrestedduring this period for dispensing narcotics, and some 3,000 actuallyserved prison sentences. Consequently, doctors all but abandoned thetreatment of addicts for nearly half a century in the United States(Grolier). The only resulting effect will be a negative one. There are nopositive aspects of putting drugs on the streets with a label readinglegal. There are plenty of people in society that find enoughtrouble on their own without the help of their country. Legalizingdrugs would have a devastating result that would affect society as awhole. Audiences need to understand that 70% of drug users areemployed, and that the school bus driver who drives your childrento school could smoke marijuana, that the surgeon who operates on youmay have cocaine in his system, and that the driver in back of you maybe on speed. The debate needs to demonstrate graphically how thecommon man will be impacted by drug legalization (Internet). There is an idea that the drug user is a low class,unemployed junkie. This is untrue. The drug user is often a whitecollared worker with a family and a future. They are not all dirtywith missing teeth and poor grammar. The common misconceptions of theuser are dangerous to those members of society trying to rid theworld of the problem. .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 , .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .postImageUrl , .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 , .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:hover , .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:visited , .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:active { border:0!important; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:active , .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201 .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2a4884dbcd2e1b7e636beaeec456d201:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MEXICO (FDI) EssayDrinking on the job is a social and economic problem with along history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the1960’s and 1970’s, it was to be expected that their use in theworkplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980’s. Estimates ofemployee drug use vary greatly, ranging from 10 percent to 25 percentfor the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them, airline pilot,air traffic controller, truck driver, and physician can becompromised by drug use (Grolier). One of the greatest concerns of drugs is their contributionto the crime rate. Crime will always be a problem as long as drugsexist and are abused. One category of crime is the victimless crime,which includes drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution and gambling. The use of the term victimless is an extremely qualified one. Itrefers to acts committed by consenting adults in private; the actsinvolve only the participants and are not harmful to others. If harmoccurs; it is inflicted only upon the willing participants. Victimlesscrimes are often characterized by the exchange of sought aftergoods and services, and they generate huge amounts of illegal income. It has been argued, however, that no crime is victimless. The drugaddict suffers physical and emotional harm and often commits propertycrimes to obtain money for buying drugs (Grolier). Crime too often is the result of a drug problem. The crimerate would probably lower if drugs were illegal because the drugabusers wouldn’t need to steal to pay for their drugs. Legalizingdrugs would just add to an already rising problem. Compared with other countries that keep crime statistics, theUnited States has the highest rate per 100,000 population for reportedmurders, rapes, and robberies. It is important to remember, however,that the incidence of crime is influenced by such factors asindustrialization, urbanization, drug and alcohol abuse, unemployment,and the availability of fire arms (Grolier). This should be reason enough to make all drugs illegal. Legalizing drugs will just feed the problem that teenagers and youngadults face daily. Making drugs legal makes them more conscienceaccessible and easier on the The illegal use of psychoactive drugsis vast and extensive in the United States. Some 70 million Americansage 12 and over have tried at least one or more prohibited drugs forthe purpose of getting high. The illegal drug trade represents anenormous economic enterprise. Sales of illegal drugs in the UnitedStates may have totaled $100 billion in 1986, more than the totalnet sales of the largest American corporation, and more than Americanfarmers earned from all crops combined. About 60% of the illegal drugssold worldwide end up in the United States (Grolier). The problems that society already faces with the unemployed,homeless, criminals, and high school drop-out rate will simplyincrease. What society would want such problems to escalate. Thethought of how seriously this could impact our entire nation is bothridiculous and terrifying. I strongly believe that there are a great deal of people whohave not tried drugs out of fear of getting caught. If this fear weretaken from them, they would probably become drug addicts. As stated bythe National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse, The term abusehas no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrarycode word for that drug which is presently considered wrong(Grolier). I believe that our country should uphold a few basicstandards, and keep drugs and the problems they create out of oursociety. Legalization is an act of neglect and ignorance.

The Battle of the Wilderness - American Civil War

The Battle of the Wilderness - American Civil War The Battle of the Wilderness was fought May 5-7, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and gave him command of all Union armies. Grant elected to turn over operational control of the western armies to Major General William T. Sherman and shifted his headquarters east to travel with Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac. For the coming campaign, Grant planned to attack General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia from three directions. First, Meade was to cross the Rapidan River east of the Confederate position at Orange Court House, before swinging west to engage the enemy. To the south, Major General Benjamin Butler was to advance up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe and threaten Richmond, while to the west Major General Franz Sigel laid waste to the resources of the Shenandoah Valley. Badly outnumbered, Lee was forced to assume a defensive position. Unsure of Grants intentions, he had placed Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Second Corps and Lieutenant General A.P. Hills Third Corps in earthworks along the Rapidan. Lieutenant General James Longstreets First Corps was positioned to the rear at Gordonsville from which it could reinforce the Rapidan line or shift south to cover Richmond. Union Commanders Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General George G. Meadeapprox. 102,000 men Confederate Commanders General Robert E. Leeapprox. 61,000 men Grant Meade Move Out In the pre-dawn hours of May 4, Union forces began departing their camps near Culpeper Court House and marching south. Divided into two wings, the Federal advance saw Major General Winfield S. Hancocks II Corps cross the Rapidan at Elys Ford before reaching camps near Chancellorsville around noon. To the west, Major General Gouverneur K. Warrens V Corps crossed over pontoon bridges at Germanna Ford, followed by Major General John Sedgwicks VI Corps. Marching five miles south, Warrens men reached Wilderness Tavern at the intersection of the Orange Turnpike and Germanna Plank Road before halting (Map). While Sedgwicks men occupied the road back to the ford, Grant and Meade established their headquarters near the tavern. Not believing that Lee could reach the area until late on May 5, Grant intended to use the next day to advance west, consolidate his forces, and bring up Major General Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps. As Union troops rested, they were forced to spend the night in the Wilderness of Spotsylvania, a vast area of thick, second-growth forest that negated the Union advantage in manpower and artillery. Their situation was further imperiled by a lack of cavalry patrols on the roads leading towards Lee. Lee Reacts Alerted to the Union movements, Lee quickly ordered Ewell and Hill to begin moving east to meet the threat. Orders were also issued for Longstreet to rejoin the army. As a result, Ewells men camped that night at Robertsons Tavern on the Orange Turnpike, only three miles from Warrens unsuspecting corps. Moving along the Orange plank road, Hills men made similar progress. It was Lees hope that he could pin Grant in place with Ewell and Hill to allow Longstreet to strike at the Union left flank. A daring scheme, it required him to hold Grants army with fewer than 40,000 men to buy time for Longstreet to arrive. The Fighting Begins Early on May 5, Warren spotted Ewells approach up the Orange Turnpike. Instructed to engage by Grant, Warren began moving west. Reaching the edge of a clearing known as Saunders Field, Ewells men began digging in as Warren deployed the divisions of Brigadier Generals Charles Griffin and James Wadsworth on the far side. Studying the field, Warren found that Ewells line extended beyond his own and that any attack would see his men enfiladed. As a result, Warren asked Meade to postpone any attack until Sedgwick came up on his flank. This was refused and the assault moved forward. Surging across Saunders Field, Union troops quickly saw their right shattered by Confederate flanking fire. While Union forces had some success south of the turnpike, it could not be exploited and the assault was thrown back. Bitter fighting continued to rage in Saunders Field as Wadsworths men attacked through the thick forest south of the field. In confused fighting, they fared little better. By 3:00 PM, when Sedgwicks men arrived at the north, the fighting had quieted. The arrival of VI Corps renewed the battle as Sedgwicks men unsuccessfully attempted to overrun Ewells lines in the woods above the field (Map). Hill Holds To the south, Meade had been alerted to Hills approach and directed three brigades under Brigadier General George Getty to cover the intersection of the Brock Road and Orange Plank Road. Reaching the crossroads, Getty was able to fend off Hill. As Hill prepared to assault Getty in earnest, Lee established his headquarters a mile to the rear at the Widow Tapp Farm. Around 4:00 PM, Getty was ordered to attack Hill. Aided by Hancock, whose men were just arriving, Union forces increased pressure on Hill forcing Lee to commit his reserves to the fight. Brutal fighting raged in the thickets until nightfall. Longstreet to the Rescue With Hills corps on the point of collapse, Grant sought to focus Union efforts for the next day on the Orange Plank Road. To do so, Hancock and Getty would renew their attack while Wadsworth shifted south to strike Hills left. Burnsides corps was ordered to enter the gap between the turnpike and plank road to threaten the enemy rear. Lacking additional reserves, Lee hoped to have Longstreet in place to support Hill by dawn. As the sun began to rise, the First Corps was not in sight. Around 5:00 AM, the massive Union assault began. Punching up the Orange Plank Road, Union forces overwhelmed Hills men driving them back to the Widow Tapp Farm. As the Confederate resistance was about to break, the lead elements of Longstreets corps arrived on the scene. Quickly counterattacking, they struck Union forces with immediate results. Having become disorganized during their advance, the Union troops were forced back. As the day progressed series of Confederate counterattacks, including a flanking attack utilizing an unfinished railroad grade, forced Hancock back to the Brock Road where his men entrenched. In the course of the fighting, Longstreet was severely wounded by friend fire and taken from the field. Late in the day, Lee conducted an assault on Hancocks Brock Road line but was unable to break through. On Ewells front, Brigadier General John B. Gordon found that Sedgwicks right flank was unprotected. Through the day he advocated for a flank attack but was rebuffed. Towards nightfall, Ewell relented and the attack moved forward. Pushing through the thick brush, it shattered Sedgwicks right forcing it back the Germanna Plank Road. Darkness prevented the attack from being exploited further (Map). Aftermath of the Battle During the night a brushfire broke out between the two armies, burning many of the wounded and creating a surreal landscape of death and destruction. Feeling that no additional advantage could be had by continuing the battle, Grant elected to move around Lees right flank towards Spotsylvania Court House where the fighting would continue on May 8. Union losses in the battle totaled around 17,666, while Lees were approximately 11,000. Accustomed to retreating after bloody battles, the Union soldiers cheered and sang when they turned south upon leaving the battlefield. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summary: WildernessHistory of War: Battle of the WildernessFredericksburg Spotsylvania National Military Park

The Law of Electronic Commerce and the Internet Research Paper

The Law of Electronic Commerce and the Internet - Research Paper Example Irrespective of the contractual arrangements between the parties, the misleading and deceptive conduct provisions of the TPA and/or equivalent Fair Trading legislation may well apply, provided a sufficient jurisdictional nexus is established in relation to the relevant conduct. However, this is on particular problems arose by eBuy and Mr. John Online auction transactions. In the case of an eBay, auction company has control over the goods that are being auctioned. In this case of the auction, the buyers Mr. Paul paid $ 1500 the eBuy company for the goods Television. Misleading and deceptive conduct will extend to the layout of the site itself. In this regard factors such as the size, type, and color of the font, the prominence and location of hyperlinks, visibility and location of key terms and conditions, whether any distracting graphics or technology are used as well as other relevant circumstances, may be relevant to whether the Internet-based conduct is misleading or deceptive. In this case, terms and conditions of the eBay Company were not clear and the size was big so that customers clicking "I Accept" Button without reading and understanding the terms and conditions. And Mr. John was clicking "I Accept" Button without reading and understanding the terms and conditions.Mr. John's claim would depend, essentially, on whether he could establish that he was led to believe that the auction site eBay, through terms and conditions or through representations on the website, misled him as to the characteristics and security of the auction process. This issue was considered in the case of Evagora v eBay Australia & New Zealand Pty Limited [2001] VCAT 49, although, being a Tribunal decision, its precedent value is limited. In that case, Evagora successfully bid for a computer in an eBay hosted auction, which was paid for but never arrived. The seller of the computer was based overseas. Evagora claimed for his loss against eBay, arguing that he did not read eBay's user agreement and that eBay represented that the auction site was safe, which overrode the terms of the user agreement. eBay was held liable by the Tribunal for the loss suffered by Evagora. It is important that the terms and conditions on which a consumer participates in Online auctions website are clear, accurate, and accessible to avoid potential claims under sections 52 and 53. It is also important not to reduce or nullify the effectiveness of any terms and conditions by contrary or inconsistent representations or impressions given to users via the actual content of the website. Answer 2 Harry's Burger Farm collects personal details from Paul. Two years later Paul is upset when his health insurer charges a higher health insurance premium because he is deemed a 'high risk' heart attack candidate. Another insurer refuses to ensure his car, citing high clash statistics for owners of mobile phones.

Rene Descartes The Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rene Descartes The Method - Essay Example Four years earlier, before Descartes wrote and tried to publish The Method, Galileo was tried (persecuted) by the so-called Inquisition of the Catholic Church for his treatise on the solar system and the planetary movement, and was forced to retract all of his assumptions and theories. Galileo was teaching Copernicanism, and Descartes' book was Copernican in nature. It was one of the reasons why Descartes tried not to publish this treatise on reasoning, so as not to suffer the same fate as Galileo's. Nevertheless, the controversy and the many interpretations forced Descartes to make the move - let the world know of what should reason be all about. Descartes explains reason or reasoning as an application of what one thinks, or that which comes of his intellect or mind. It is not only important that you have a "rigorous" mind, Descartes argues, but that you know how to apply it in everyday life. Most thinking of today is influenced by Descartes' way of reasoning. Descartes deals on metaphysics, but also on the scientific way. The Method is divided into six parts, as follows: first touching the topic on the Sciences; in the second, the rules of the Method; the third, certain of the rules of Morals which he has deduced from this Method; in the fourth, the reasonings by which he establishes the existence of God and of the Human Soul; in the fifth, the order of the Physical questions which he has investigated, and in the last what Descartes believes to be required in order to have greater advancement in the investigation of Nature, or the experiments. Each of the chapters in The Method, relies on the reasonings, and so explained by the Author with logic and proofs prevalent in his times of reasoned thinking. Philosophers and thinkers dominated this era of world history. They wanted to dominate the world through reason, so that almost every aspect of man's endeavor at that time was influenced by it. The time is known as the age of enlightenment which refers to the enlightenment of the eighteenth century, down to 17th century, in European and American philosophy. It advocates reason as a means to establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, government, and logic. Thinkers argued that some kind of systematic thinking as the Newtonian kinematics could be applied to all forms of human activity. This influenced almost every major activity or movement all throughout Europe and other areas of the world including the United States. It was during this time when the solar system was truly discovered. Descartes' theory or conce pt on skepticism and inquiry into the nature of "knowledge" was a 'product' of the enlightenment. Main target of the thinkers of the movement was religion, particularly the Catholic Church. In turn they were regarded as radicals. There were opposing thinkers however, and one of them was Edmund Burke who is known as the father of modern conservatism. Burke opposed the implementation of governing based on abstract ideas. He espoused liberal conservatism, supported organic reform, and openly attacked metaphysics. Descartes published a short work which was metaphysical rather than scientific. The Discourse on Method is best known as the source of the famous quotation "cogito ergo sum", "I think, therefore I am." In the first chapter, Descartes says: "For to

Law for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law for Business - Essay Example Since the two directors constitute the majority, their decision prevails. In the general meeting, the vote in favour of the motion must at least be 75% for the motion to pass, since this is the required majority to pass a special resolution. Another way of passing a special resolution is to directly circulate the motion in writing without calling for a meeting and have the same percentage of voting rights approve the proposal. The objective of this report is to outline a legitimate procedure, on behalf of Francesca, that will allow a change in the company name of Toys4U Ltd despite the objection of one of the three directors to the proposal. According to the Companies Act 2006, a company may change its name in compliance to an extraneous mandate such as one coming from the Secretary of State, an adjudicator upholding a protest on the company name’s use, the court or as a result of company name restoration. The company can also effect a change of its name upon its own initiative (Â § (1) & (2), s 78, Companies Act 2006). It is the latter that is the concern of this report since it is the directors who are interested in pursuing a company name change. According to the relevant provision of law, a change of company name effected by the company’s own initiative can be made either through a special resolution or through any other means prescribe by the company’s Articles of Incorporation (Â § (1)(a) & (b), Companies Act 2006). Under the British company law, there are two ways by which a company decides: an ordinary resolution, or; an extraordinary or special resolution. The two types of resolutions are distinguished from each other by the number of votes required to pass them. Whilst an ordinary resolution requires only a majority vote to be passed, an extraordinary or special resolution needs at least 75% of the votes cast by members (van Gerven & Storm 2006 468). Since the law mandated a special resolution to effect a change of a

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods: Sixty single root premolars were instrumented. Simulated lateral canals were drilled on each third of the roots. The teeth were divided into four groups: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G2), no dressing and obturation by hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by hybrid technique (G4). The teeth were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days, and obturation techniques were performed. Radiographs were taken and lateral canals filled or unfilled were counted. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (ÃŽ ±=5%). Results: The hybrid technique filled large number of lateral canals compared to lateral condensation technique , regardless the use of intracanal medication (PPPConclusion: Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance: The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future. Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, Endodontics, root canal obturation, laboratory research Introduction The root canal system has a very complex anatomy, characterized mainly by the presence of curvatures, accessory and lateral canals.1-3 The lateral canals can be observed anywhere along the root length of an important percentage of teeth, although more commonly in the apical third.1 Actually, the presence of lateral canals represents a challenge, as they are difficult to reach, clean, disinfect and fill during endodontic treatment,4 representing a potential cause of diseases.3,5-8 Considering that persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, the intracanal medication and three-dimensional obturation of the root system becomes extremely important.4 The intracanal medication has been used to complete the disinfection and to prevent reinfection by these microorganisms,9-11 and can act chemically by killing microorganisms or physically by preventing bacterial penetration.12 The obturation also could prevent reinfection13 as the sealer isolates microorganisms without access to space and nutrients.14 Calcium hydroxide has been widely used as an intracanal medication for its antibacterial effect on most of the microorganisms identified in the root canal system.12 The therapeutic properties of this medication are associated with their pH value and with the period that they remain within the root canals.9,15 It has been pointed out that calcium hydroxide dressing for seven days with subsequent instrumentation and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, improve the debridement of the root canal system and efficiently eliminate persistent bacteria.16,17 However, it was found that a considerable amount of calcium hydroxide paste remains attached to the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with various solutions.18-20 Also, it is known that when calcium hydroxide is incompletely removed from the root canal, the residue compromises the endodontic sealing.20,21 Thus, it is possible that residual calcium hydroxide could obliterate the openings of the lateral canals, blocking their filling.19,22 Additionally, the type of obturation technique is a crucial factor to be considered in such situations, since the capability to ensure the filling of lateral canals is an important clinical parameter and may represent a favorable aspect of the filling technique. In this context, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods The study has been approved by an ethical committee from Pontifà ­cia Universidade Catà ³lica do Paranà ¡, under number of register 326/2004. Only one researcher has done the experimental procedures. Sample preparation In this in vitro study, a total of sixty human single root mandibular premolars with medium length between 21 to 23 mm were selected. The teeth were autoclaved and stored in 0.5% thymol solution prior to the experimental assays. The coronal access was gained with a #2 round and a #3080 diamond bur (KG Sorensen, Barueri, SP, Brazil). Then, the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal were shaped using #1, #2, and #3 Gates-Glidden drills (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The canal length was visually established by placing a #10 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in each root canal until it was seen emerging through the apical foramen. The working length was determined by subtracting 1 mm from this measurement. The teeth were instrumented at the working length using a #35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Simulated lateral canals Three simulated lateral canals were drilled on the mesial and distal surfaces (one in each third: coronal, middle and apical) by using a device. This device consisted by a #10 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with 4 mm from its tip sectioned, which was adapted in a low-speed contra-angle handpiece. The root canals were then instrumented using a #45 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) to the working length to create a smear layer. After every change of file size and at the completion of instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with 5 mL of a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Following this, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of 17% ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Merck Brasil, Sà £o Paulo, SP, Brazil) followed by a final flush of distilled water. The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil). Experimental groups Afterwards, the sixty teeth were randomly divided into four equal groups of fifteen. The groups were separated according to the use or not of calcium hydroxide dressing, and the type of obturation technique, as follow: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation (G2), no dressing and obturation by Tagger’s hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by Tagger’s hybrid technique (G4). Dressing procedure In G2 and G4, the calcium hydroxide paste was prepared by mixing two parts of lab grade calcium hydroxide and 1 mL saline solution to obtain a creamy consistency. The paste was inserted using a #25 Lentulo drill (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), subtracting 2 mm from the working length. The access cavities were temporarily sealed with a cotton pellet and temporary seal (Coltosol, Coletene, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). The samples were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days. Afterwards, the temporary seal was removed and the calcium hydroxide was cleaned using a #35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and 17% EDTA (Merck Brasil, Sà £o Paulo, SP, Brazil). The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil). Obturation techniques For obturation procedures, the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used in all groups. The sealer was manipulated according with manufacturer’s instructions. The obturation technique was performed as follow. Lateral condensation For G1 and G2, it was used the lateral condensation technique. For this, a well-fitting master gutta-percha cone #35 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) coated with sealer was taken up 1 mm from the working length. Then, the master cone was left seated and the lateral condensation was performed using a finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This spreader was inserted with the sealer toward the canal’s wall and then counterclock wisely removed to create room for the insertion of the accessory gutta-percha cones (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This procedure was repeated until the insertion of new accessory cones was not possible. After the obturation completion, the excess of filling material was removed and the cold vertical condensation was executed. Tagger’s hybrid technique For G3 and G4, it was used the Tagger’s hybrid technique. For this, a master cone was seated as described above. An initial lateral condensation was performed with the finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and one accessory gutta-percha cone was inserted. Next, a McSpadden compactor #70 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was coupled to a low-speed contra-angle handpiece and introduced passively into the root canal. The penetration of the condenser inside root canal was obtained with the aid of a rubber marker 1 mm short of the working length. With the condenser inside the root canal, next to the gutta-percha cones, it was driven by forward and backward movements up to reach working length, staying in that position for about 1 second. The condenser was removed from root canal with the motor still driven with gentle pressure on one side of the canal’s wall. Following, the vertical condensation of the plasticized gutta-percha was perfo rmed through heat Paiva’s condensers in order to obtain a better adaptation of the filling material. Postoperative radiographs Immediately after filling, postoperative radiographs were taken and all of them were identically exposed, developed, and fixed. The radiographs were placed in slide mounts and projected in order to count the lateral canals filled or unfilled in each group. Only completely filled lateral canals were considered. Three calibrated examiners analyzed the images. Statistical analysis Data were statistically analyzed by the SAS/LAB package (SAS Software, version 9.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA). Firstly, Kappa’s test was performed to evaluate the examiner’s level of agreement. The assumptions of equality of variances and normal distribution of errors were checked and the data were transformed as suggested by the software. The simulated lateral canals were analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test, considering the dressing, obturation technique and root thirds as study factors. The significance level was set at 5%. Results The value of the test of agreement between examiners was 0.89. In Figure 1, it is observed representative radiographs after obturation by different techniques. The Tagger’s hybrid technique filled large number of simulated lateral canals compared to the lateral condensation technique, regardless the use of intracanal medication (PP Although the coronal and apical thirds had a somewhat larger number of filled lateral canals than the middle third, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) (Table 1). Significant differences were observed when comparing the number of filled and unfilled canals in the same root third of each group (PP>0.05). Discussion After shaping and cleaning the root canal, persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, and this must be considered potentially pathogenic and a cause of future endodontic failure.3,5-8 For this reason, dressing and three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system becomes important steps.4 The use of calcium hydroxide dressing is established in the literature,23 however, persistence of this medication in the root canal walls could prevent the sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules,21 compromising the obturation procedure. Also, several techniques have been developed to achieve an adequate three-dimensional obturation of lateral canals.24 For this, we purposed to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. The actual need to fill lateral canals has been a largely discussed in the current literature.2,4,19 However, it is important to point out that both lateral canals and apical ramifications have been implicated with treatment failure when they are sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently large to harbor signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant numbers of bacteria and to provide these bacteria with access to the periradicular tissues.3,25 Therefore, disinfection, dressing and filling of lateral canals in cases of pulp necrosis and apical and/or lateral periodontitis should be considered important goals of the treatment, although difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cult to achieve.3 Calcium hydroxide is widely used as an intracanal medication,12 and several techniques have been used to remove it from the root canal.18,21,26,27 The enlargement of the canal to the next file size and copious irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and/or EDTA, which are the procedures commonly used in clinical practice, seems to be unable in completely remove calcium hydroxide from root canal.21,26 There is a consensus that the residues of the medicament persists in the canal even with different techniques for removal.28,29 The results of our study demonstrated that residual calcium hydroxide blocked the openings of the lateral canals, reducing and/or preventing the penetration of sealer or gutta-percha into the lateral canals, corroborating with a previous study.19 Regardless the obturation technique, we demonstrated that when calcium hydroxide was applied as a dressing medication (G2 + G4), 99 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were obturated. On the other hand, when calcium hydroxide was not used (G1 + G3), 129 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were filled. Also, in our study, simulated lateral canals were created in each third of the canal root. We showed that no differences were found among the different root thirds in the same group. About the ability of different obturation techniques to fill simulated lateral canals the literature indicates that warm gutta-percha techniques are superior.2 According to our results, the Tagger’s hybrid technique resulted in large number of filled simulated lateral canals, although it was reduced with the dressing with calcium hydroxide. Also, the lateral condensation showed the worst ability in filling simulated lateral canals, particularly when calcium hydroxide dressing was employed. It is possible that the cold condensation of gutta-percha difficult the penetration of the filling material.30 Thermoplasticized techniques improve the expansion of the material against the dentinal walls.31 A recent study about the interference of calcium hydroxide previous to the filling revealed that the medication can difficult the hermetic filling of the root canal system because of its property of obliterates lateral canals.22 Overall, the persistence of calcium hydroxide residues should be considered as a side effect when selecting this medication as an interappointment dressing in root canal therapy,19,22 regardless the obturation technique to be employed. Conclusions Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future. 1

Executive Summary of Camar Automotive Hoist Essays -- Executive Summar

Executive Summary of Camar Automotive Hoist Camar Automotive Hoist has built its reputation on a quality product in the Canadian market however in 2000 the company is facing the problem of sustaining future growth of its business. In an attempt to address this need of sustaining growth we recommend that Camar Automotive Hoist clearly defines its position as a safe and convenient scissor lift producer on international wheel alignment markets; and transfers its focus mainly on the US and the European Union markets. Our suggestion is to spotlight the US market by working closely with the wholesalers instead of using a direct sales-force; while exporting products to Europe by means of indirect exportation instead of through other ventures. By doing this, the company will efficiently allocate its resources and achieve its goal of sustaining growth gradually with low risks. The Canadian market potential is limited thus we believe that US market is a quick growth opportunity for us immediately with low risks while exploring the EU no w will allow us to search for long term future growth. The implementation of our strategic plan for the US market is to build our brand image with to the wholesalers by giving incentives to their representatives for working hard and selling our products. For the EU market, we will find distributors who are familiar with the market and familiarize them with our product. Recommendation For the next fiscal year we recommend that Cama...

MBA Industry and Porter’s Five Forces Essay

MBA Industry: The MBA school industry includes universities and colleges that offer academic courses and grant graduate degrees. The general requirement for admission is a bachelor’s degree and GMAT ® scores. Some schools and programs also require prior employment experience. Instruction is typically provided on physical campuses, although online education and other unconventional approaches are gaining popularity. For purposes of this paper, for-profit institutions or community colleges are not included in the industry definition. The major forces that affect MBA market are: competition between public and private business schools, buyers of business education including both students and employers, faculty as the key suppliers to the industry, and substitutes in the forms of alternative means of delivering graduate business education. Porter suggests that evaluation of these forces will provide insights into the prospects for long-range profitability1. Competition: The MBA m arket in the United States is an unregulated industry that allows schools to develop their own distinctive styles and personalities, and to define their own missions5. B-Schools consider it their mission to educate and research, but face intense pressure of managing faculty issues, finding new funding sources and distinguishing themselves from competitors9, highlighting the most prominent areas within this category: cost, revenues, and reputation. Reputation is differentiated by rankings and accreditations, specializations and regional focus and flexibility10. Rankings drive how students, faculty, and employers perceive the MBA program. In turn, how students, faculty, and employers perceive the MBA program drives rankings, resulting in developing a brand name for universities, leading schools to expend vast resources in pursuit of being highly ranked or even ranked at all8. The significant costs associated with business education have left room for competitive entry by low cost providers. B-Schools now face the reality that they must compete with the low-cost providers who can turn a profit because they are not burdened with the high fixed costs of the â€Å"bricks and mortar† university4. As tuition alone will not cover the costs of running an MBA program, funding is usually sourced from donations from alumni. Most successful schools are usually ones backed by alumni that are willing and able to give back to their alma  maters. Suppliers: The most important suppliers to the MBA industry are the business school faculty who fill the teaching, research, and administrative roles with any MBA program. There is an increasing demand for qualified business faculty, while simultaneously there is a stagnating or decreasing supply of such faculty. As the pool of high quality, freshly minted Ph.D.’s is diminishing; competition for associate and assistant professors is increasing. Institutions that can afford to bid are becoming more aggressive in recruiting faculty from other schools, inflating salaries beyond what some can afford10. Rising salaries for new hires has encouraged experienced faculty to move to different institutions to receive pay raises of their own, and thus the market continues to stay extremely competitive. Buyers: The buyers of graduate management education are either the students, employers, or both. With respect to the power of student as buyers, both the MBA programs and the students possess some leverage. There is obviously significant demand for the MBA degree from students because they believe that it will enable them to receive greater opportunities in their career, receive a higher salary, or launch them into a new career7. Employer preferences have a significant effect on market for MBAs. The employer’s demand for MBAs dictates the job availability and salary range, which is proportional to demand for MBAs. Employers are always seeking the best value to raise their company’s performance by enhancing employees’ abilities. What employers define as â€Å"benefit,† however, can range from training, which raises employee efficiency to higher-level education, which emphasizes critical thinking and complex problem solving skills. Substitutes: Most participants do not enter to challenge industry leaders but to offer tailored programs that appeal to sub -sets of their prospective students. Top-ranked business schools have little need to worry about substitutes. Consumer demand for the â€Å"Top brand MBA† will always outpace the supply. The same threat to mid and lower tier schools, however, is real. The online and distance learning schools target the same students that would otherwise attend these schools forcing the lower tiered schools to diversify their offerings6. Barriers to Entry: The main barriers to entry for new entrants in MBA industry are infrastructure costs, attracting and retaining good faculty, and gaining accreditation for courses. Schools must have a solid reputation to charge more tuition to attract students and afford good professors that produce strong results among students. Furthermore, it can cost a significant amount of capital to perform research projects, which enable a school to build specialized facilities and can also contribute to a strong reputation. While public schools rely on public funds for financial aid, a large endowment is essential for many institutions.

Emerging And Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Example

Emerging And Re Emerging And Re Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases The literatures selected for this paper were four: Aziz (2013), CDC (2014), Mitchell et al. (2014) and Walters & Zuckerbraun (2013), and all of them discussed this issue of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in a hospital setting. The article by Aziz (2013) offers information on the recent guidance for managing C difficile infection plus how nursing care can be optimized so patients can be offered care in a safe and clean environment. CDC (2014), on the other hand, offers updated info concerning Ebola virus disease EVD to clinicians working in U.S. health clinics and hospitals, with a main purpose of helping them prevent further spread of the disease while working on Ebola patients. Mitchell et al. (2014) discuss the duty of the nurse in each of these prevention and control CDI such as early instigation and maintenance of control and prevention methods, appropriate antibiotic use, and education, high standards of environmental cleanliness and surveillance. Finally, Walters & Zuckerbraun (2013) also offers guidance for managing C difficile infection plus how nursing care can be optimized so patients can be offered care in a safe and clean environment.Such articles imply that nurses will be better equipped to tackle infections that emerge and re-emerge in the hospital setting when they trying to deal with patients. However, nurses will be required to play their part and undertake further training in order to be in a better position to tackle such kinds of infections. The role of BSN nurses in preventing and managing nosocomial infections is to utilize the knowledge and skills of nursing practice and can facilitate patient recovery whereas minimizing complications linked to the infections. They can give other nurses basic strategies they need for assuring positive patient outcomes for such patients.ReferencesAziz, A. (2013). Nursing management of Clostridium diffici le infection. Nurse Prescribing, 11(1), 21-27.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Ebola virus disease: Information for healthcare workers and settings. Retrieved from cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/index.html?s_cid=cs_4318Mitchell, B. G. et al. (2014). Clostridium difficile infection: nursing considerations. Nursing Standard, 28(47), 43-48.Walters, P. R. & Zuckerbraun, B. S. (2013). Clostridium difficile infection clinical challenges and management strategies. Critical Care Nurse, 34(4), 24-34.