Perceptions of Mental Illness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Perceptions of Mental Illness Throughout this course, much of what we have discussed has depended strongly on an interpretation of scientific information. We have questioned, criticized, accepted, rejected, and formed our own ideas about topics in neural and behavioral science. A book which I have read recently seems to fit in with this type of discussion. Blaming the Brain, by Eliot Valenstein, describes the major biological theories of mental illness and the lack of evidence we have to fully support them. What Valenstein argues is that we have come to a point where we accept all mental illness as purely biological in origin, and have discarded older ideas about social and psychological effects, rather then attempting to see how these two different types of explanations fit together. While some may argue that this shift has helped to significantly de-stigmatize mental illness, it also has caused a neglect of important factors which must play a role in these disorders. In 1999, in a report by the Surgeon General, it was stated that research into the biology of the brain is "a potent antidote to stigma," but it was also emphasized that psychotherapy not be forgotten as it sometimes plays a large role in recovery. Finding middle ground: Although we do not know all there is to know about disorders of the nervous system, I believe that it is very plausible that mental illness is mostly the result of disturbances in the nervous system. Although in extreme situtions, some claim things like, "it reduces a complex human activity to a slice of damaged brain tissue" (4). I wouldn't go this far to assume that this is all there is to it, although I also don't believe that all mental illnesses can fit into the same box. While s... ... fallacies of no-fault addiction http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb7.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F672%2F823%2F36248906w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53551866%26dyn%3D3!xrn_5_0_A53551866%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no 5)Schizophrenia http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb7.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F672%2F823%2F36248906w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53551866%26dyn%3D3!xrn_5_0_A53551866%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no 6) Scientists Call for End to Neurology-Psychiatry `Divide' http://mentalhealth.about.com/?once=true&rnk=r7&terms=neuroscience Valenstein, Eliot. (1998). Blaming the Brain. New York: The Free Press

Philippine Artifacts Essay

The Manunggul Jar is evidence of the spirituality of indigenous Filipinos. The Manunggul jar is cultural treasure found in the early 1960’s in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan which is classified as a secondary burial jar, which means that only the bones of the corpse are placed inside. It has an elaborate design consisting of scrolls and curves on the top cover and is painted with hematite – a type of mineral that produces red coloring once subjected to heat. However, the most remarkable part of the jar is its lid which features two souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat. The figure at the rear is holding a steering paddle, although the blade of the paddle is missing. The one in front is believed to be the soul of the person whose remains are inside the jar, since it has its arms folded across its chest which was the usual position of a corpse being prepared for burial. It also seems like the figures are wearing cloth bands tied over the crowns of their heads, more evidence of indigenous burial practices in the Philippines. The burial jar which is unrivaled in Southeast Asia and considered as the work of a master potter, signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life after death. It is dated to the late Neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C. Laguna Copperplate Inscription The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the oldest written document ever found in the Philippines, and one of very few available artifacts of precolonial times. According to the inscription on the plate, it was written during the Saka era 822 (which translates to April 21, 900 CE). Portions of the inscription are in Malay, Javanese, and Tagalog, as well as Sanskrit, which is not part of the Southeast Asian linguistic group. The copperplate is now in the posession of the National Museum of the Philippines. Inscription The copperplate was a document from a chief of Tundun saying that he has pardoned a person named Namwaran of a debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna (926.4 grams) of gold. The text has been translated as follows: â€Å"Long Live! Year of Siyaka 822, month of Waisaka, according to astronomy. The fourth day of the waning moon, Monday. On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother whose name is Buka, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the Commander in Chief of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of Pailah, Jayadewa. By this order, through the scribe, the Honourable Namwaran has been forgiven of all and is released from his debts and arrears of 1 katà ® and 8 suwarna before the Honourable Lord Minister of Puliran, Ka Sumuran by the authority of the Lord Minister of Pailah. Because of his faithful service as a subject of the Chief, the Honourable and widely renowned Lord Minister of Binwangan recognized all the living relatives of Namwaran who were claimed by the Chief of Dewata, represented by the Chief of Medang. Yes, therefore the living descendants of the Honourable Namwaran are forgiven, indeed, of any and all debts of the Honourable Namwaran to the Chief of Dewata. This, in any case, shall declare to whomever henceforth that on some future day should there be a man who claims that no release from the debt of the Honourable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries In 1991, archeologists discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Pià ±ol. Maitum, Sarangani Province, in Mindanao, Philippines. Since this sensational finding, a number of archaeological excavations were conducted to recover these important artifacts. These excavation projects were either government or privately sponsored. These burial jars are made of earthenware and characterized by their design and form that looks like or suggests human figures with complete or partial facial characteristics. These are earthenware potteries with incisions and cut-out foot-rings. These humanlike forms were associated with metal implements like bracelets. Some jars are decorated with glass beads and shell scoop, spoon, and pendants. Among the anthropomorphic vessels are plain non-anthropomorphic burial jars. According to scientists, these secondary burial jars date back to the Metal Age. The artifacts were dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (by a calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (by a calibrated date of 5 B.C. to 225 A.D.). Scientists determined the age of the jars by doing radiocarbon date tests on the soot samples taken from a small earthenware vessel. This small vessel was found inside one of the larger burial jar. Angono Petroglyphs The Angono Petroglyphs are 127 images carved into a wall of rock, and are estimated to date back to 3,000 BC. They were discovered in 1965 by Carlos â€Å"Botong† Francisco along the boundaries of Angono and Binangonan, Rizal. It is considered thye earliest prehistoric rock drawings. The site is a rock shelter or a shallow cave about 63 meters wide, 8 meters deep and 5 meters at its highest point. One hundred twenty seven human figures scattered on the wall were made by engraving lines using a piece of stone on the surface of the rock shelter. The cuts vary from ten centimeters down to faint lines figures. The figures consist of circular heads, with or without necks set on a rectangular or v-shaped body. The linear arms and legs are usually flexed. Some incisions on the rock wall are triangles, rectangles and circles. Rock art is closely linked with a system of belief of a particular group of people. It is symbolic, not decorative. According to Filipino anthropologist Jesus Peralta, â€Å"The engraved drawings are made without any reference to a baseline, suggesting that these were made during different points in time through a long period.†[ In 1996, the petroglyphs were included in the World Monuments Watch, drawing attention to the rock art’s conservation. Since their discovery, many of the carvings have been eroded, or destroyed by vandalism. Butuan Palaeograph The Butuan Palaeograph, also known as the Butuan Silver Strip is a piece of metal with inscriptions found in Butuan province in mid-1970s by a team of archaeologists from the National Museum. Treasure hunters who were looking for old ceramics and gold ornaments discovered this metal strip inside a wooden coffin. Coffins of the same characteristics, which dated back to the 14th and 15th centuries, were found in the site, however, according to Dr. Jesus Peralta, found inside were human fossils with artificially deformed skulls – a practice limited to Southern Philippines and unpopular in Luzon. Because of the similarities found between the coffins, it is reasonable for the archaeologists to assume that the latter came from that same era. But debates arose regarding the origin of the said artifact, but until now, it is considered to belong to Butuan where it was found. Dr. Boechari of Indonesia, said Peralta, identified the writings as very close to a Javanese script that existed from 12th to 15th century. This yet-to-be-decipher Butuan palaeograph is now in the hands of Proceso Gonzales, the city engineer of Butuan. Calatagan Pot The Calatagan Pot, excavated by treasure hunters in 1961, is considered to be the first pre-Spanish colonization artifact with traces of indigenous writing. Discovered at Calatagan, Batangas, the scripts are oriented in a left-to-right manner around the mouth of the pot which are separated by marks of five or seven symbols. Studies conducted in the Calatagan Pot arrived at a belief that its scripts is a form of Tanaga – a four-versed poetry with no rhyme – or a Mangyan Ambahan – a type of chanted poetry of seven syllables. The Butuan Ivory Seal Shown on the right is an ivory seal from Butuan. The upper representation is how a wax impression from the tool would look like. The lower view shows the face of the ivory seal except that it has been flipped (mirror image) to show the writing in its correct orientation. The combination of the positive impression and the negative but flipped view gives a better idea of what the writing looks like than either one alone. The ivory seal’s provenance is unknown to me. Antoon Postma reports that it was shown to him by Dr. Angel Bautista in 1990 at a conference in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He says that the seal was in Bautista’s custody but does not know whether it belonged to the National Museum or not. The writing is stylized Kavi, each letter being fitted into an oblong box so that it appears distorted. Postma states that the script is similar to that on the inscription of Puh Serang near Kediri dated 1002. He further indicates that the writing says â€Å"Butban,† which presumably stands for â€Å"Butwan† or â€Å"Butuan† since band w are frequently interchangeable. If this is correct, the three symbols need to transliterate as bu, t-ba, and n. Although I am not very familiar with this specific variation of the script, I find it hard to see the medial form of u in the first symbol and the t-baligature in the second symbol. Balangay . The Balangay is the first wooden watercraft ever excavated in Southeast Asia. Also known as the Butuan boat, this artifact is an evidence of early Philippinecraftsmanship and their early attempts to venture in open waters. The balangay boats were discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte by archaeologists from the National Museum. There were actually nine balangays recovered in the province. The first balangay, now preserved and displayed in a site museum in Libertad, Butuan City, was radiocarbon tested and was dated at year 320. The second boat was dated to 1250, and is now located at the Maritime Hall of the National Museum in Manila. The third balangay was transferred to the Butuan Regional Museum and is still undergoing preservation. The six other boats, which are yet to be excavated, remain in their original waterlogged condition which is proven to be the best way to preserve the said artifacts. Bronze Socketed Adzes and Moulds Socketed adzes made from bronze are characteristic of the Early Metal Age. Bronze socketed adzes were found in Batu Puti and Uyaw Caves in Palawan; Sanga-Sanga in Tawi-Tawi; and Batangas. These tools were dated from 300 B.C. to 500 B.C. Clay molds for casting these bronze adzes recovered in the caves indicate that the people during that time reused damaged bronze implements for making socketed adzes. The present implement known as wasay (axe) in central Philippines could have come from the bronze socketed adze of the Early Metal Age. Stone and Shell Adzes Prehistoric man used ground and polished stone tools. It is believed that a stone adze shaped like an upper front incisor could be found where lightning hit a tree. Today, these stone implements are associated with thunder and lightning. Locally they are called ngipe’t duldug (thunder tooth), tango han linti (lightning tooth), and dila latik (light-ning tongue). The polished stone adzes that are oval in cross-section were made and used by the people during the Early Neolithic period. Ground stone tools typical of the ‘Quadrangular Adze Culture’ on the other hand, were found in a late Neolithic jar burial site. They are believed to be used for woodworking. These are small, ground and polished adzes of fine grained stones which are rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section. The stone adzes were found in Arku Cave, in Penablanca, Cagayan; Duyung Cave in Palawan; Dimolit, Isabela; and Candaba, Pampanga.

Differences Between Home Cooked Meals And Fast Food

Outline In this essay I will discuss the similarities and differences between home cooked meals vs. fast food in terms of one being healthier, can eat both at home, cost, variety of choices, and speed. II. Healthier Home cooked meals Fast food III. Can eat both at home Home cooked meals Fast food IV. Cost Home cooked meals Fast food V. Variety of choices Home cooked meals Fast food VI. Speed Home cooked meals Fast food VII. As you can see from this discussion, home cooked meals and fast food have many similarities and differences, however people will continue to have their own opinion on which one they prefer. Susana Gomez Dr. Lee Ritscher English 101 9 July 2015 Home cooked meals vs. Fast food Most people tend to chose the easy route when it comes to their appetite; however, the easiest route may not be the one that’s necessarily the healthiest. Now a days people are not cooking as much and which is why fast food is becoming so popular. In this essay, I will discuss the similarities and differences between home cooked meals vs. fast food in terms of one being healthier, can eat both at home, cost, variety of choices, and speed. To start off, home cooked meals are considered to be healthier most of the time for many reasons. For example, you know the ingredients that in your food. When you are cooking at home you are not going to add something that you know isn’t good for you. Home cooked food consists of natural ingredients which make your food a lotShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Fast Food1105 Words   |  5 PagesDisadvantage of Fast Food  Ã‚   Modern life becomes more and more comfortable, but people are busier and busier with their life. Therefore, people do not have time to cook at home. Some people favor to eat fast food or at restaurants; however, not that many people favor to eat at home. Eating at home or eating at fast food restaurants has advantage and disadvantage, so which one is better?   Eating at a restaurant is similar to eating at home in many ways. Although eating out or cooking at home, people stillRead MoreFood Is The Most Essential Of The Lot Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesOf all the fundamental human needs, Food is arguably the most essential of the lot, since it is the basis upon which our bodies function effectively enough to concern itself with all the other functions. It is no wonder therefore that it has become the center of one of the longest and more passionate topics of discussion in the entire world; ranging from how we should eat, what we should eat, how to grow what we eat too, and dealing with the challenges that come from either eating too much, or notRead MoreEssay on Restaurant Food vs. Home-Cooked Meals980 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing out to eat or is it better to eat home-cooked meals at home? 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Keeping the closeness of family, but doing thisRead MoreEating Dinner At Home Or Eating Out?894 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s fast paced world, making the decision to have dinner is not as easy as one would think. Choosing to stay at home and fix dinner or deciding on eating out is a choice between contrasting factors on what fits your lifestyle the best. Family, economics, and lifestyle are all factors involved in if you decide to stay at home and eat, or go and eat out. Eating dinner at home can be a time of unplugging and connecting to everyone in the family. Keeping the closeness of family, but doing thisRead MoreThe End Of Cooking By Michael Pollan Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesCanning and freezing food became a cultural norm in order to cheaply stock up on food during the war. 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With regards to you needing rest from school and work, how do you manage to maintain a healthy diet? Finding the solution, lies within finding the time to prepare your meals. If you cannot manage toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesperform better in school They have more energy Able to focus on tasks better than overweight kids. Over the years America has become the most overweight country in the world. The times have changed, people used to run around and eat home-cooked meals every night. Now People drive most places and just grab something quick for dinner without thinking about if it is a healthy choice or not. This has affected America in more ways than most people think. The change in the size of the average American

Factors That Should Be Considered When Determining The...

Factors that should be considered when determining the purpose of evaluation are: Formative evaluation and summative evaluation are the two factors that determine the purpose of educational evaluation (Glickman, Gordon, Ross-Gordon, 2014, p. 225). Robert Stakes says it best in his comment: â€Å"When the cook tastes the soup, that s formative: When the guests taste the soup, that s summative† (Billard, 2011). Just as a cook, evaluators are using formative evaluations to keep the program in balance, to improve the program, to eliminate distractions from goals and to reassure that the program follows the pre-established guidelines. Consequently, the evaluators are using the summative evaluations to determine if the programs are fulfilling their purpose; the sole outcome of summative evaluation is to keep the programs, to modify dramatically the programs or to terminate the programs (Glickman et al., 2014). As an inference from Stakes’ quote, the summative evaluations can include the findings from formative evaluations (Glickman et al., 2014). Factors that should be considered when determining who will evaluate are: Who will evaluate the programs implemented? It would be wise to consider all the factors when establishing the participants of the evaluations. When the State, District, Schools or central office develop programs it is significant to include the beneficiary before taking the decisions (Glickman et al., 2014) because the beneficiary can offer an input to the program.Show MoreRelatedFactors of Change1014 Words   |  5 PagesFACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHANGING AN ORGANIZATION The following factors should be considered whenever change is being contemplated: 1. The Change Agent 2. Determining What should be Changed 3. The kind of Change to Make 4. Individuals affected by the Change 5. Evaluation of the Change THE CHANGE AGENT: The change agent might be a self designated manager within the organization or an outside consultant hired because of a special expertise in a particular area. This individualRead MoreFinancial Accounting Standards Board ( Fasbs Implementation Of Not-For-Profit Accounting1512 Words   |  7 Pagesthose. Moreover, there are a diversity or multiplicity of factors or consequence to consider in evaluating transactions that meet the definition of a contribution i.e. is it really a contributions or an exchange, if its a contribution, is it conditional or unconditional; is it an agency transaction, or a promise to give or an intent to give, and if it is a promise to give, whether the promise is legally enforceable or not. These evaluations frequently compel the choice to whether to record revenueRead MoreHow Remuneration Is Determined in Csr1202 Words   |  5 Pagescontributions and annual leave loading. 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How Birth Of A Nation Reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes...

How Birth of a Nation reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes about African-Americans In the early 1900s, the movie industry in America developed the atmosphere filled with racial and political medium, which later became a propaganda tool for selling of brute caricature. Many will recognize the films titled Birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith, which was very historical since its technological innovation embraced or portrayed all the anti-Black caricatures, and other brutes. Sing Griffin was a Kentuckian, and someone who believed in the Southern values, he was sure, everything were embodied in The Clansman, a sentimental novel of Reconstruction that earlier appeared in 1905 and was very dramatic in the entire South. It was a dedication to his†¦show more content†¦This research paper attempts to help understand the manner in which The Birth of a Nation reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes about African-Americans. All through the considered silent period, Blacks in film were typically pigeonholed as toms or coons. Nonetheless, the savage still showed up, particularly in the uncommon, in movies of â€Å"all colored cast†. These movies were aimed at portraying women as lesser beings because they could be used as dancers or sex tools in the Antebellum South, or in present-day Harlem. Extensive consideration has been given to the commonness and diligence of generalizations of the blacks in America (Bates 661). Yet one of these recognized generalizations or stereotyping, the â€Å"abysmal mulatto,† has gotten quick consideration from researchers and social pundits of film and pop culture in the United States. The Birth of a Nation portrays a society that is truly bent in keeping up the rigid social limits, this exclusion is very tricky. It is true that most films during this period, tried to dissect the film’s political capacities and sociological effect as far as race, sex, an d class is concerned. The Birth of a Nation and the Rise of the Film Industry According to (Bates 665), â€Å"Cinematic society refers to the 20th century societal formation that recognizes itself via cinematic apparatus,† he points to the chief place that films hold in

Fdi- Boon or Bane Free Essays

string(38) " it will be worth an estimated US\$6\." FDI IN INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR ABSTRACT: The research paper aims to understand whether the FDI policy introduced in the Retail sector in India is a Boon or a Bane. The paper gives an outlook of the Indian Retail Sector, its growth trajectories and its contribution to the national GDP. It also entails in detail the policy of FDI in this sector and its various clauses. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi- Boon or Bane or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper, in the end, talks about the benefits of implementing the FDI policy, and also what disadvantages it possess. 1. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR Indian retail sector is the most booming sector in the Indian economy and largest sources of employment after agriculture. Trade or retailing is the single largest component of the services sector in terms of contribution to GDP. Its massive share of 14% is double the figure of the next largest broad economic activity in the sector. India is the second most attractive retail destination ‘globally from among thirty emergent markets. It has made India the cause of a good deal of excitement and the cynosure of many foreign eyes. With a contribution of 14% to the national GDP and employing 7% of the total workforce (only agriculture employs more) in the country, the retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy. It is undergoing a transitional phase to usher organized retail. The attitudinal shifts of the Indian consumers were in terms of â€Å"Choice Preference†, â€Å"Value for money’ and the emergence of organized retail format. The overall Indian retail sector is expected to rise to US $ 833 billion by 2013 and to US $ 1. 3 trillion by 2018. In line with the global developments in the retail industry, Indian retail is largely dominated by the unorganized retailers. It has witnessed a massive transition in the last decade. Of the total retail sales, the food and grocery segment constitute the major chunk. Growing in tandem with the economy is the Indian retail sector. The sector is on a high growth trajectory and is expected to grow by more than 27 per cent over the next 5 to 6 years. Initially it was predominately fragmented through the owner- run â€Å"Mom and Pop Outlets†. The change in lifestyle, education, travel and disposable income has changed the pattern of consumption. Customers are aware of their surroundings and developments. The awareness was created through the advent of technology such as television, cable and satellite channels. They are accustomed to the organized retail format. Understanding the pulse or trend of the market the large corporate groups like ITC, Reliance, Tata, Rahejia and others are infusing staggering amounts of capital into organized retail sector. The Cardiovascular System iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/the-cardiovascular-system-intrinsic-conduction-system/embed/#?secret=u0WTJVCBYX" data-secret="u0WTJVCBYX" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;The Cardiovascular System#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Some of the leading Indian retailers who had tapped this market were Bata India Ltd, Big Bazaar, Crossword, Ebony Retail Holdings Ltd. , Food Bazaar, Globus Stores Pvt. Ltd. , Liberty shoes Ltd. , Music World Entertainment Ltd. , Pantaloon Retail India Ltd. , Shoppers Stop, Subhiksha, Titan Industries, Trent, Benetton, Addidas, Reebok, Levis, Diary Farm, KFC, Metro, WalMart, Marks Spencer’s etc are some of the popular global retail brands that have set up retail business in India. The organized retail sector comes with the concept of malls, supermarkets and department stores. Like Subhiksha, Marks Spencer’s, Oberon etc it gives a different feeling and the environment of pick and choose from a variety of products. The modern retail formats are encouraging development of well-established and efficient supply chains in each segment ensuring efficient movement of goods from farms to kitchens, which will result in huge savings for the farmers as well as for the nation. The Government also stands to gain through more efficient collection of tax revenues. In the coming years it can be said that the hypermarket route will emerge as the most preferred format for international retailers stepping into the country. At present, there are 50 hypermarkets operated by four to five large retailers spread across 67 cities catering to a population of half-a-million or more. Estimates indicate that this sector will have the potential to absorb many more hypermarkets in the next four to five years. According to World Bank report, it is suggested to have an organized retail sector so that it is easy to have a direct control on the price mechanism and to control on the macro economic variables. Strengths 1. India attracted US$16. 9bn in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in 2006, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development – a 153% year-on year increase. 2. A cheap, skilled, English-speaking workforce can do the jobs of Western workers for a fraction of the wages paid in North America or Europe. 3. Average annual GDP growth of 7. 7% is predicted by BMI through to 2016. With the population expected to increase from 1. 26bn in 2012 to 1. 32bn by 2016, GDP per capita is forecast to rise 77. % by the end of the forecast period, reaching US$2,980. 4. The value of the retail segment is expected to grow from an estimated INR22. 53trn (US$489. 80bn) in 2012 to INR27. 73trn (US$739. 56bn) by 2016. Weaknesses 1. The competitiveness of local firms is undermined by official red tape, from foreign investment restrictions to inflexible labor laws. 2. Intellectual property rights are poorly protected in India, one of 12 countries on the 2009 priority watch list com piled by the US Trade Representative. 3. The rural population of India represents more than 70% of the total, while almost 37% is classified as not economically active by the UN. This is a major obstacle for retailers seeking to rapidly expand their customer base. Opportunities 1. India could enhance the competitiveness of the local industry through further liberalization and deregulation. 2. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is eager to reform the banking sector to increase the availability of long-term financing, particularly for large infrastructure projects. 3. The value of the OTC drug sector is forecast to grow by more than 94% by 2016, when it will be worth an estimated US$6. You read "Fdi- Boon or Bane" in category "Papers" 58bn. Threats: 1. The arrival of Western players, including management consultancy Accenture and technology company IBM, is raising local wages in the outsourcing sector. 2. China remains a major competitor for FDI flows into India. India has excessive bureaucracy and poor infrastructure in comparison with China, which attracted US$60. 6bn of FDI in 2005. 3. International retailers are restricted by India’s strict FDI regulations. Single-brand retailers are able to own a 51% majority stake in a joint venture with a local partner, but multi-brand retailers must operate through a franchise or cash-and-carry wholesale model. 2. WHAT IS FDI Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign investment refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more or voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital of the long term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of parameters. It usually involves participation in management joint-venture, transfer technology, and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and â€Å"stock of foreign direct investment† and outward foreign direct investment, which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares. FDI is one example of international factor movement. 3. FDI IN RETAIL: IT ALL BEGAN IN 2006 In 2006 the Indian government took the first step to promote organized retail in India by opening up single brand retailing to FDI. There are five entry routes through which the international players enter into the market, such as franchising, cash and carry wholesale trading, joint venture, manufacturing and distribution. Government of India permitted 100 per cent FDI in cash and carry wholesale formats through automatic route and up to 51 per cent FDI in single brand retail through Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). This rule made the international brand much easier to enter into the Indian retail market. Through this agreement Reebok, Nokia and Adidas entered the Indian market. However the franchising is one of the way through which small retailers embrace organized retailing through brand association where there’s a scope for leveraging business operations. The 100 per cent FDI permits for cash and carry has paved the way for retail giants like German Based Metro and US based Wal-Mart to set up their shops in India. Reliance Retail had made a tie up with UK based Marks Spencer to float an equal joint venture and this would scale up 1400 stores by the end of the next fiscal year. The benefits of FDI investment in the retail sector were: 1. It improves the quality in products and services because of higher competition 2. Improved the lifestyle 3. Economies of scale would help lower consumer prices and increase the purchasing power of the consumer 4. The technology upgraded the system in terms of logistics, production and distribution channels. It adds as a driver in the Supply Chain Management. . The FDI investment will help in flourishing and developing the retail segment. 6. It not only promotes tourism and would develop skills and manpower. 4. FDI NOW IN RETAIL India’s retailing industry is essentially owner manned small shops. In 2010, larger format convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4 percent of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers Unti l 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets. Even single-brand retail was limited to 51% ownership and a bureaucratic process. In November 2011, India’s central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as  Walmart,  Carrefour  and  Tesco, as well single brand majors such as  IKEA, Nike, and  Apple. In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India. Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores. On 14 September 2012, the government of India announced the opening of FDI in multi-brand retail, subject to approvals by individual states. This decision has been welcomed by economists and the markets, however has caused protests and an upheaval in India’s central government’s political coalition structure. On 20 September 2012, the Government of India formally notified the FDI reforms for single and multi brand retail, thereby making it effective under Indian law. On 7 December 2012, the Federal Government of India allowed 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India. The Feds managed to get the approval of multi-brand retail in the parliament despite heavy uproar from the opposition. The government of Manmohan Singh, prime minister, announced on 24 November 2011 the following: * India will allow foreign groups to own up to 51 per cent in â€Å"multi-brand retailers†, as supermarkets are known in India, in the most radical pro-liberalisation reform passed by an Indian cabinet in years; * Single brand retailers, such as Apple and IKEA, can own 100 percent of their Indian stores, up from the previous cap of 51 percent; * Both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will have to source nearly a third of their goods from small and medium-sized Indian suppliers; * All multi-brand and single brand stores in India must confine their operations to 53-odd cities with a population over one million, out of some 7935 towns and cities in India. It is expected that these stores will now have full access to over 200 million urban consumers in India; * Multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment of US$100 million with at least half of the amount invested in back end infrastructure, including cold chains, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing to considerably reduce the post harvest losses and bring remunerative prices to farmers; * The opening of retail competition will be within India’s federal structure of government. In other words, the policy is an enabling legal framework for India. The states of India have the prerogative to accept it and implement it, or they can decide to not implement it if they so choose. Actual implementation of policy will be within the parameters of state laws and regulations. The opening of retail industry to global competition is expected to spur a retail rush to India. It has the potential to transform not only the retailing landscape but also the nation’s ailing infrastructure. A Wall Street Journal article claims that fresh investments in Indian organized retail will generate 10 million new jobs between 2012–2014, and about five to six million of them in logistics alone; even though the retail market is being opened to just 53 cities out of about 8000 towns and cities in India. It is expected to help tame stubbornly high inflation but is likely to be vehemently opposed by millions of small retailers, who see large foreign chains as a threat. The need to control food price inflation—averaging double-digit rises over several years—prompted the government to open the sector, analysts claim. Traders add huge mark-ups to farm prices, while offering little by way of technical support to help farmers boost their productivity, packaging technology, pushing up retail prices significantly. Big foreign retailers would provide an impetus for them to set up modern supply chains, with refrigerated vans, cold storage and more efficient logistics. Foreign chains can also bring in humongous logistical benefits and capital; the biggest beneficiary would be the small farmers who will be able to improve their productivity by selling directly to large organized players. 5. ADVANTAGES 1. Huge Market Size and a Fast Developing Economy India is the second largest country in the world just behind China in terms of population. Currently the total population is about 1. 2 billion. This huge population base automatically makes a huge market for the business operators to capture and also a major part of it is still can be considered as un-served or not yet been penetrated. Therefore FDI investors automatically get a huge market to capture and also ample opportunity to generate cash inflows at relatively quicker times. The economy of India is also moving at faster pace than most of the economy of the world and inhabitants of the country also obtaining purchasing power at the same rate. 2. Availability of Diversified Resources and Cheap Labor Force The huge advantage every company gets by investing in India is the availability of diversified resources. It is a country where different kinds of materials and technological resources are available. India is a huge country and has forest as well as mining and oil reserve as well. These are also coupled with availability of very cheap labor forces at almost every parts of the country. From Mumbai which is in the west to Bengal which is in the east there is ample opportunity to set up business venture and location and most importantly labor is available at low cost. 3. Increasing Improvement of Infrastructure A lot of research study in India finds out that historically the country fails to attract a significant amount of FDI mainly because of problems in infrastructure. But the scenario is changing. The Indian government has taken huge projects in transportation and energy sectors to improve the case. The projects for developing road transport is worth of $90 billion, for rail it has undertaken several projects each worth of $20 million and for ports and airports the value of development projects is around $ 80 billion. In addition the investment in energy development is worth of $ 167 billion and investment in nuclear energy development is outside that calculation. These huge investments are changing the investment climate in the country and investors will benefit hugely by that (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005; Dua Rasheed, 1998). 4. Public Private Partnerships Another significant advantage foreign investors experience in India today is the opportunities of PPP or Public private Partnership in different important sectors like energy, transportation, mining, oil industry etc. It is advantageous in several ways as it has eliminated the traditional tirade barriers and also joint venture with government is risk free up to the great extent (GOI, 2007; IMF, 2005; Nagaraj, 2003). 5. IT Revolution and English Literacy Today the modern India considered being one of the global leaders in IT. India has developed its IT sectors immensely in last few years and as of today many leading firms outsource their IT tasks in India. Because of IT advancement the firm which will invest in India will get cheap information access and IT capabilities as Indian firms are global leader. Along with that Indian youth are energetic and very capable in English language which is obligatory in modern business conduction. This capability gives India an edge over others. Foreign firms also find it profitable and worthy investment by recruiting Indian HR (GOI, 2006; GOI, 2007; IMF, 2005; Lall, 2002). 6. Openness towards FDI Recently the Government of India has liberalized their policies in certain sectors, like Increase in the FDI limits in different sectors and also made the approval system far easier and accessible. Unlike the historical tradition, today for investing in India government approval do not require in the special cases of investing in various important sectors like energy, transportation, telecommunications etc (Economic Department, 2005; GOI, 2007; Nagaraj, 2003). . Regulatory Framework and Investment Protection In the process of accelerating FDI in the country the government of India has make the regulatory framework lot more flexible. Now a day’s foreign investors get different advantages of tax holiday, tax exemptions, exemption of service and central taxes. The government also opened few special economic zones and investors of those zones also get a lot of befits by investing money. Apart from that there are number of laws has been passed and executed for making the investments safe and secure for the foreign investors (IMF, 2005; Nagaraj, 2003; Planning Commission of India, 2002; World Bank, 2004). FDI can be a powerful catalyst to vigorous competition in the retail industry, due to the current scenario of low competition and poor productivity. FDI will help if farmers can bargain. Villages only know how to produce things. We have to tell them how to market their produce, how to do value addition. One of the things we have talked about a lot in the book is cooperative farming. In India, farmers have small holding but they form a cooperative, it becomes a large holding and then form a cooperative, it becomes a large holding and then the farmer has bargain power. FDI will accelerate retail market growth, providing more employment opportunities. It s a basic principle that creating competition in general is good for the market. But the doubt is that, since proper procurement and distribution system and the infrastructure is not fixed, how the rest will fall in place, when the giant retailers enter our market. Back-end procurement will still remain big problem. Sumita Kale, economi st, in his statement says that â€Å"the debate that by-introducing 51 percent FDI, a lot of money will flow out of the country is an old school of thought. Lots of our Indian companies are operating abroad and have successfully contributed to our economy. The bigger issue is that with benefits we might end up paying a price hence we must work on a reasonable solution. As mentioned earlier the farmer will benefit from FDI as they will be able to get better prices for their produce. The elimination of the intermediate channels in that procurement process will lead to reduction of prices for consumers. Foreign brand will promote healthy completion in market. Every time the government brings up the subject of FDI, the domestic retailers with the support of some politician jump to lobby against the bill. As the government initializing the FDI, there is bound to be some problems, which can definitely be resolved. The government in near future can appoint a regulating body to monitor the retail sector just like other sectors. There will be lot of man power requirement when FDI starts, logistic demands will be more, and people to serve in these stores will get jobs. Managerial positions will open up. Technological requirements and software developments will increase based on the Indian market software needs will be changed. Infrastructure and building constructions will take place. The living conditions will change, good roads will come up. There will be good flow of money that flows these are major benefits of FDI. 6. DISADVANTAGES Customers feel that retail stores offer better deals, but they don’t realize that they end up paying and buying more than what is required. If 51 percent FDI is allowed in multi brand, it will teach the local retailers about real competition and help in ensuring that they give better service to Indian consumers. It is obviously good for local completion and there are no consequences of our local kirana shops disappearing. The Kirana stores operate in a different environment catering to certain set of customers and they will continue to find new ways to retain them. Kirana stores are convinced that stores all big stores will be set up far away from the city and the travel time in India will not help us to go often and buy things from these large stores. Large store buying will help only in bulk purchases. So there is no need to fear about the FDI investment in this context. Investing in India definitely has some negative sides as well. Most noticeably India considered as a huge market but a major portion of that is a lower and middle class person who still suffers from budget shortage. The infrastructure of the country also needs to be improved a lot and already it is under huge strain. There are also problems exists in the power demand shortfall, port traffic capacity mismatch, poor road conditions deal with an inefficient and sometimes still slow-moving bureaucracy. The huge market in India is an advantage but it is also very diverse in nature. India has 17 official languages, 6 major religions, and ethnic diversity as wide as all of Europe. This makes the tasks difficult for the companies to make appropriate product or service portfolio. India is not a member of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes also not of the New York Convention of 1958. That make life bit difficult for the foreign investors. India still has a heavy regulation burden among other countries, for example the time taken to start business or to register a property is higher in India. Similarly, indirect taxes, entry-exit barriers and import duties have been major disadvantages (Nagaraj, 2003; Planning Commission of India, 2002; USITC, 2007; World Bank, 2004). KEYWORDS: Retail, FDI, SME, Multi-brand, Single-brand REFERENCES: 1) Amanpreet Kang. (2012). Evaluating Effects of FDI In Developing Economies: The Curious Case of Pharmaceutical Companies. ABS, Amity University Rajasthan (ISSN 2230 7230) 2) Anonymous. (11 Feb, 2008;). FDI reforms. Business Asia. 3) Anu Antony. (July – December 2009). The Transitional Shift Of Indian Market Space And FDI In Retail. Globsyn Management Journal. 4) Dr Surender Kumar Gupta. (Feb 2012). FDI and Indian Retail Sector-The Path Ahead. International Journal of Marketing and Technology (ISSN: 2249 1058). 5) Prof. G. V. Bhavani Prasad, E. Hari Prasad Sharma (June 2012). Impact Of FDI on Economic Development of India. International Journal of Marketing and Technology (ISSN: 2249 1058). 6) H. S. Yadav, Sangeeta Jauhari. (2011-2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Retail Trade in India (The Consequences under Globalization). Skyline Business Journal. 7) M. Chackochen and Pon Ramalingam. (April – June, 2012). FDI Investment: Retail Franchising. SCMS Journal of Indian Management.. 8) Tarun Kanti Bose. (1 May, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI in China and India. International Business Research. 9) Anonymous. (2012). India Retail Report. Business Monitor International. 10) Seth, Smriti. (29 Nov 2011). FDI in retail to make consumers king? 122 mn consumers set to gain [Retailing]. The Economic Times. 11) Arati R Jerath. (04 Dec 2011). FDI in retail: Is it another nuclear deal moment?. The Economic Times. 12) Rai, Manmohan. (16 Sep 2012). FDI in retail is anti-farmer and anti-small retailers, says UP Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav. The Economic Times. 13) Sen, Amiti. (26 Mar 2012). FDI in retail: Local sourcing seems to work well in multi-brand retail, but not in single brands. The Economic Times. 14) Anonymous. (11 July 2012). FDI in single-brand retail: No policy change, DIPP to put IKEA’s concerns in FIPB court. The Economic Times. 15) Accord Fintech. (28 Jan 2012). SME’s support FDI in multi brand retail: CII Survey. The Economic Times. 16) Ghosal, Sutanuka; Srinivas, Nidhi Nath. (02 Dec 2011). FDI in India: Farmer bodies throw their weight behind retail FDI. The Economic Times. 17) www. ebsco. com 18) www. proquest. com How to cite Fdi- Boon or Bane, Papers

Two Relevant Traditions of Ethical Thinking †Myassignmenhelp.com

Question: What Is The Two Relevant Traditions Of Ethical Thinking? Answer: Introducation It has been observed that it is highly significant for the individuals of the society to maintain their life routine according to the healthy pattern. It is due to the reason that it helps them to work more productively and efficiently. In addition to this, it can be stated that those nations that do not care about their life patterns suffers with a lot of serious health issues. The researcher found that in the current stage 1 most of the individuals are the victims of the drugs though it can be intentional or unintentional. Moreover, it is denoted in the study of (Ho et al, 2014), when the residents of the society decides to live up according to their own wish they face a lot of troubles that eventually hurts their overall performance at the workplace along with this, it also affects their relationships in the most terrible manner (Chan et al, 2014). It is highly important for the individuals to understand the consumer behavior as it assists them to design the services and the patte rns accordingly. Considering this in mind, it is found that most of the residents of the society in the stage 1 are somehow related to the drugs that is affecting their health. In addition to this, it has been found that due to the high increase drugs the people are having the serious diseases like HIV. Hence, the person should need to extra careful about the drugs that need to be used in their daily routines that if they are using the right kind of tools for taking drugs (Bodenhausen et al, 2013). More specifically, it can be stated that with the increase in the drugs ratio. Furthermore, it has been observed that government is very much concerned about this problem and the higher officials are trying to come up with the strategies that can help their people to be more productive and with the less association of the drugs in their lives. In addition to this, it can be stated that the higher authorities of the government are formulating some campaigns that help them to make their nation out of this drug. According to the study of (Montano et al, 2015), it is mandatory for the higher officials of the society to gain knowledge about the consumer behavior patterns of their people. It is due to the reason that when the authorities are able to understand the behavior of their people they can be able to come up with the strategies that can help their people to stay out this addiction in the most effective and efficient manner. There are numerous things that can affect with the usage o f the drugs as it can make the person less person at the working place. In addition to this, it can be stated that the owners of the business should need to incorporate some strategies that can help their employees to work more productively without the usage of drugs in to it. Moreover, the employers should need to start some campaigns with the incorporation of the new strategies formulation as it would become the reason for the individuals to understand their worth of lives in the more effective and resultant manner (Hunter et al, 2014). According to the study of (Sniehotta et al, 2014), it is found that there are some functional theories of attitudes as it can help the individual to facilitate their social behaviors in the most functional manner as it is mainly determined by the persons motives. There are various reasons that can cause different attitudes. It has been observed by the researcher to understand all aspects that can change the attitude of an individual in the most productive manner. In addition this, the information gathered by the researcher indicated that a lot of the people mold their behavior according to their prcised situation. It has been observed that the attitude of the individual differs from object to object and the main reason behind this is that every single individual try to perceive according to their own thoughts and motives. Tripartite model of attitude It is found that the classic view of the tripartite model mainly offers the attitude that contains the element that is cognitive in nature along with the affective and the behavioral components (Fishbein, 1967). In addition to this, it can be stated that there are some views that are found in the attitude structure that provides the cognitive and the behavioral components and it mainly forms the structure of the of the derivative of the underlying beliefs (Hunter et ol, 2014). Cognitive Learning It has been observed that the cognitive learning behavior explain that why the brain is considered as the most incredible network of information for the individuals so they can be able to interpret the objects and the stuff that comes in front of them (Greenwald et al, 2013). In addition to this, it can be stated that there are some theories that explains that the social cognitive theory are the known as the cognitive abilities of the person. It is found that the cognitive abilities of the individuals help them to understand their concerns in the most efficient and effective manner. Feelings do behavior do There is a very significant relationship between the behavior of the person and the feelings that individual holds. In addition to this, it can be stated that with the increase in the hypertension hormones in the body of a person the overall behavior of that particular individual get influenced (Petty et al, 2014). Moreover, feelings of an individual fluctuate with the feelings or the emotions. It has been observed that the person should need to control the overall behavior pattern in the most deliberate manner. It is due to the reason that when that particular individual is able to control the anger it can become easy to enhance the behavior. There are numerous studies that show that with the increase in the behavior inceptions the person is able to perform more productively. Attitude towards objects According to the study of (Eagly et al, 1993), it is found that it is highly important for the person to make the attitude towards the objects that the minds see or perceive. In addition to this, it can be stated that when the person can see the main thought behind any of the objects only then that particular individual can make the most appropriate decisions about the relevant things. Moreover, the judgments or the feelings about the particular object can either be positive or negative. However, it depends on the attitude of that particular individual that a person perceives about it. Theory of Planned Behavior and Mode Theory It has been observed that the theory of planned behavior is mainly linked with the beliefs and the attitude of the person. The main concept about the planned behavior theory was initiated by Icek Ajzen in order to improve the predictive power of the theory so a person can become competent to take reasoned actions. On the other side, mode theory helps in understanding the overall pattern in the most effective and efficient manner. There are various systems of ethics and number of ways to think about wrong or right action, bad or good character. The ethic field is traditionally divided into three main areas thats Meta ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. The meta-ethics deals with the right and good of the nature and justification and nature of ethical claim, the normative ethic is based on the principle and standard to determine the thing is wrong or right (Tormalae et al, 2015). Whereas the applied -ethics deals with the real application of particular situation based on the principle of ethics. These filed of ethic is based on some top down theories known as consequentialist theory, non- consequentialist theory and agent-centered theories. The two traditional ethical thinking in these three theories are demands upon the utilitarianism ethical thinking approach from consequentialist theory and virtue ethics approach from agent-centered theories. The utilitarian approach is an approach that is defined b y an ancient Greek philosopher; according to him he proposed this approach on the basis of argument that a person spent a best life in a way if the person produced distress and least pain (Christians, 2015). The author of the particular study stated that they have applied a similar standard of theory to the actions of each individual and they have created a situation in which the good and bad behaviors are identified based on the amount of degree of pain or pleasure produced. This theory has been opposed to the materialist idea of pleasure that based on the concept of happiness. The second traditional approach, virtue ethics approach from agent-centered theories, according to the author it has been found that this is a theory which is based on action that consistent with ideal virtues of human (Greenwald et al, 2013). The author further stated with an argumentative theory that the ethics is particularly concerned with the persons whole life not just with some particular action of any person that the person should performed with in the situation. A person is said to be of good character will be the one has attained various virtues. The author further stated that it is very important to act virtuously in an appropriate manner based on number of situation. This approach is concerned with the persons entire life. The process of education and training is linked with this approach which last the great emphasize on the importance of various model in order to und erstand how to engage with in the ethical deliberation (filciker, 2015).. Consumer insight By applying these ethical perspectives the consumer insight have gained in a way that these are the most common approaches for making any sort of ethical consideration mostly in making decision that which thing would be good and bad, the consequences from the case have driven that the drugs have now at high rate that will be attracted by large number if group. This issue is produced by the lack of ethical consideration and the large group of people is engaged with in the bad habit of drug taking (shawa, 2016).. This concept of using various approaches have built an zone in which consumers are working to get over with the problem, they are working to deliver the best action in a rightly manner that is in a good and effective way to get rid from the harmful situation, so that they will develop a sense of insight about what is good or what is bad, this approaches are helpful in maintaining a good balance between the what is good and harm and working with the intention to remove the harm from society. The ethical action is being taken by them to make the cheery environment in which the thing with greatest good can be produced and will last the less harmful effect on cooperation, government, community and environment (wiejter, 2014). To improve sustainable consumption Ethical considerations are very necessary to focus on to improve the sustainable consumption (Pratkanis et al, 2014). These ethical aspects are helpful in recognizing about the good and bad, and help to lease down the harmful affect so each and every industry will not be get affected and consumption will be done in same manner, the author of study stated that the impact of bad behaviours results into low consumption and the overall industries will ne get affected. It has been found from the case that consumption power is not be fully sustain because of the issue that is produced by the lack of ethical consideration and the large group of people is engaged with in the bad habit of drug taking. This idea of utilizing different methodologies have assembled a zone in which customers are attempting to get over with the issue, they are attempting to convey the best activity in an appropriately way that is in a decent and successful approach to get freed from the hurtful circumstance, so th ey will build up a feeling of understanding about what is great or what is terrible (jansen, 2013). References Christians, C.G., Fackler, M., Richardson, K., Kreshel, P. and Woods, R.H., 2015.Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning. Routledge. Shaw, D., McMaster, R., Newholm, T. 2016 Care and commitment in ethical consumption: An exploration of the attitudebehaviour gap.Journal of Business Ethics,136(2), 251-265. Weijters, B., Goedertier, F. and Verstreken, S., 2014. Online music consumption in todays technological context: Putting the influence of ethics in perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,124(4), pp.537-550. Janssen, C., Vanhamme, J., Lindgreen, A. and Lefebvre, C., 2014. The Catch-22 of responsible luxury: Effects of luxury product characteristics on consumers perception of fit with corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.45-57. Pratkanis, A.R., Breckler, S.J. and Greenwald, A.G., 2014.Attitude structure and function. Psychology Press. Chan, Y.K., Sharma, P. and Kim, N.W., 2014. Applying the functional theory of attitude to counterfeit purchase. Ho, S.Y. and Bodoff, D., 2014. The effects of Web personalization on user attitude and behavior: An integration of the elaboration likelihood model and consumer search theory.MIS quarterly,38(2), pp.497-520. Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model.Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (. Sniehotta, F.F., Presseau, J. and Arajo-Soares, V., 2014. Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Eagly, A.H. and Chaiken, S., 1993.The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Fishbein, M.E., 1967. Readings in attitude theory and measurement. Petty, R.E. and Krosnick, J.A., 2014.Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Psychology Press. Greenwald, A.G., Brock, T.C. and Ostrom, T.M. eds., 2013.Psychological foundations of attitudes. Academic Press. Hunter, J.E., Danes, J.E. and Cohen, S.H., 2014.Mathematical models of attitude change: Change in single attitudes and cognitive structure(Vol. 1). Academic Press. Tormala, Z.L. and Briol, P., 2015. Attitude Change and Persuasion.The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Psychology. Bodenhausen, G.V. and Gawronski, B., 2013. Attitude change.